Amiga Tools 4/Amiga Tools 4.iso/text+faqs/amigafaq/amigafaq.doc

Text File | 1996-02-26 | 146KB | 3,317 lines

  Amiga-FAQ
  *********

     This document lists some frequently asked questions and tries to
  give answers.  Its intention is to help new users and to reduce the
  amount of news that most experienced users don't like to read anymore.

     Please notice that there are many questions that aren't answered yet,
  even more: Whole sections that remain empty! I feel that I cannot give
  satisfying answers. So it's your turn: Fill the gaps and tell me what i
  should include into this document!


  Disclaimer

  1 CPU, Custom chips, RAM and other stuff
    1 What are 68EC020, 68EC030 and 68LC040?
    2 What's an FPU?
    3 Can I use a 3.5' HD in my A1200?

  2 The Operating System
    1 Can I use another Kickstart than the builtin?
    2 The Graphical User Interface
    3 What is MUI?
      1 Icon collections and Backgrounds
    4 What is the Amiga equivalent of . (Current directory)?
    5 The PIPE: queue-handler
      1 Using PIPE: in a standard AmigaShell environment
      2 The Pipe command
      3 Pipe command support in AmigaShell
      4 Quick usage guide
      5 Related things
      6 Troubleshooting
    6 ARexx, the program control language

  3 How about Graphics?
    1 What are chunky and planar displays?
    2 What is doublebuffering?
    3 What monitors will work on my Amiga 1200/4000?
    4 How do I switch between PAL and NTSC?

  4 Programming
    1 What documentation do I need as an Amiga programmer?
    2 What is CATS?
    3 Where do I get the Amiga includes?
    4 How do I become a developer?
    5 What compilers (assemblers) are there?
    6 Those never working Esc sequences!
    7 Is it possible to use AmigaBasic on the A1200?
    8 How do I localize my program?
    9 How to obtain a pointer to a console's window
    10 What are pragmas?
    11 My Compiler/Linker is complaining about missing symbol xxx.
    12 Where do I find the function xxx?
    13 The GNU C compiler: general information and installation
      1 Current Version
      2 Requirements
      3 Authors
      4 Sources for Gcc
      5 Inline Headers
      6 Amiga Libraries
      7 Installation
      8 Compiling
      9 How to get help

  5 Applications
    1 Text Editors
    2 What word processors are there?
    3 Desktop Publishing
    4 What is TeX and where can I get it?
    5 Are there any Postscript interpreters?
      1 Amiga Font Formats
      2 Frequently Requested Amiga Fonts
      3 Commercial Font Sources
      4 Non-Latin fonts on the Amiga
      5 Amiga Font Installation
      6 Amiga Font Utilities
      7 Making Outline Fonts
      8 Problems and Possible Solutions
    6 How to deal with Non-Latin texts?
      1 Japanese editors and viewers
      2 Chinese text viewers

  6 Connecting your Amiga to the world

  7 Emulators
    1 Can I run Unix on my Amiga?
    2 Is it possible to use the Amiga as X11 terminal?
    3 Is there a way to start MS-Dos programs?
    4 How to mount MsDos-formatted Syquests on Amiga

  8 Miscellaneous
    1 Is there any unix version of LhA?
    2 What are files ending with ...?
    3 Is there a Stacker-like utility to pack my hard drive?
    4 Where do I get Fish disk xxx?

  9 Where and how do I get software and other informations?
    1 Files and databases on freely distributable software
    2 A collection of tests
    3 Getting files from a FTP server
    4 Getting files from a Mail server
    5 Getting files from a mailbox
    6 The Fish PD series
      1 The Amiga Library disks
      2 The Fresh Fish CD-Roms
    7 How do I Read and write MS-Dos disks?
    8 How do I split large files?
    9 Discussing things
    10 Other FAQ's

  The Amiga-FAQ archive

  Contributions

  Credits

  Index



  Disclaimer
  **********

     This document is

       Copyright (C)  Ignaz Kellerer
                       Georg-Habel-Str. 11
                 81241 Munich (Germany)
                       Tel. (+49) 089 / 885147
                       Internet: [e-mail]

     Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim and modified
  copies of this document following the terms of the "GNU General Public
  License" provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
  preserved on all copies.

     The author gives *absolutely no* warranty that the answers given
  here are correct or usable. Many of them were contributed by other users
  and I cannot even make marginal checks. If you think that something
  should be changed, please tell me. Suggestions, contributions, new
  answers, critics, flames (oh, how I like this `nil:' :-) are rather
  welcome.  See Contributions.

  1 CPU, Custom chips, RAM and other stuff
  ****************************************

     This chapter contains questions concerning the Amiga-Hardware.

  1.1 What are 68EC020, 68EC030 and 68LC040?
  ==========================================

     Motorola, the company producing the 680x0 family offers crippled
  versions of their processors. They are a little bit cheaper than the
  originals, that's why Commodore decided to build the 68EC020 into the
  A1200 and the 68EC030 into the A4000/030.

     The difference between the 68020 and the 68EC020 is that the latter
  can address just 16Mb of memory. That's why the A1200 cannot have more
  that 10 Mb RAM. In most cases you will not notice the difference.

     This is not the case for the 68EC030: Many owners will notice that
  the 68030 has an MMU and the 68EC030 doesn't have. There are some
  important programs depending on an MMU, for example Enforcer (a
  debugging utility), GigaMem (a program to emulate virtual memory) or
  all current Unix versions (see Unix). Other Amigas than the A4000 and
  the A3000 need an additional processor card using a 68030 or 68040 or
  68060 to run these.

     Finally the 68LC040 is a 68040 without FPU. See FPU.

  1.2 What's an FPU?
  ==================

     The first 680x0 processors (upto 68030) could process integers only.
  Floating point operations had to be emulated by the software. An FPU is
  a chip (or part of a chip) that can process floating point operations, a
  mathematical coprocessor.

     One separates three FPU types on the Amiga: The 68881, 68882 and the
  68040's internal FPU. The 68882 is up to 1.5 times faster than the
  68881, because it is splitted in two parts: A conversion unit (the
  FPU's are using an 80 bit format internally) and the arithmetic unit.
  The 68040's internal FPU adds a pipeline, but misses the trigonometric
  instructions of the others. These are still emulated by the software,
  68040.library for example.

     Special programs (Raytracing, DTP, Mathematics, TeX) are offered in a
  special coprocessor version which are up to 50 times faster than the
  original versions.

     Michael Kaiser ([e-mail])

  1.3 Can I use a 3.5' HD in my A1200?
  ====================================

     Many people would prefer to use a 3.5" instead of the smaller 2.5"
  drives as the former are much cheaper. This is possible, but you need a
  special cable to connect the drive to your IDE controller. Additionally
  you should put some isolating material between the drive and the main
  board. Some people report termic problems but I did not notice anything.

     Some dealers offer a set which contains the cable, isolating material
  and for about 20$. See the magazines for more information.

     Thomas Schuh ([e-mail])

     If you are going to install an IDE-harddisk, regardless if 2.5" or
  3.5", you should always consider that the it may not work flawlessly,
  if the drive and ROM-version have not been tested and approved by
  Commodore. Regarding the A1200, one should also remember that this
  Amiga has not been designed to hold 3.5" harddisk drives. The 2.5"
  drives, which are mainly thought for portable computers, may have some
  advantages (for example in power consumption, heat emission or shock
  resistance) that could pay off because of the small keyboard case of
  the A1200 and the limited power supply. With the larger 3.5" drives,
  ventilation inside the computer might also be disturbed. If it is
  necessary to remove some shielding inside the A1200 to make the drive
  fit inside, even radio interference may occur.

     To sum it up: if 3.5" harddisk drives could really be used in the
  A1200 without any problems, you could be sure Commodore themselves
  wouldn't have used the slightly more expensive 2.5" drives in the
  A1200-HD.

  2 The Operating System
  **********************

     This chapter handles questions concerning the operating system,
  Kickstart as well as the Workbench.

  2.1 Can I use another Kickstart than the builtin?
  =================================================

     First let's drop some words on the Kickstart's Copyright: This
  belongs to Commodore, you *must not* use Kickstarts, without the right
  to do it!  Especially it isn't allowed to make an image of anyone
  else's Kickstart and run this on your own Amiga. (I even doubt that it
  is allowed to do this on your own Amigas, if you have more than one.)

     But of course it is possible and allowed for some people, developers
  for example.  There are two different ways, a hardware solution and a
  software solution.  The former is to buy a card which can hold two or
  more Kickstart ROMS and allows to select between when the System is
  booting.

     The software solution needs a program (softkicker) and an image of
  the ROM. The softkicker allocates RAM, loads the ROM image into the
  allocated memory and reboots. Of course you have less RAM after the
  Reboot: 256Kb when running Kickstart 1.2 or 1.3 and 512Kb for Kickstart
  2.0 or higher.

     There are different Softkickers, some of them needing a MMU (see
  68EC0xx). I recommend SKick 3.43 (Aminet, directory `util/boot')
  because it doesn't need a MMU and supports many different Kickstarts.
  It is rather easy to create the ROM image using the following program:

           #include <stdio.h>

           #define kickorig 0xf80000   /*  0xfc0000 for Kick 1.2 und 1.3   */
           #define kicklen  0x080000   /*  0x040000 for Kick 1.2 und 1.3   */

           void main(int argc, char*argv[])
           {
               FILE *fh;

               if ((fh = fopen("kickstart.file", "w"))  !=  NULL) {
                   result = fwrite(kickorig, kicklen, 1, fh);
               }
               fclose(fh);
           }

  2.2 The Graphical User Interface
  ================================

     Die standardmäßig mitgelieferte Oberfläche "Workbench" ist nur die
  Grundlage zum Aufbau einer guten, angenehmen Oberfläche.

     Zu diesem Zweck gibt es zahlreiche Tools, die den Anwendern das
  Leben erleichtern.  Einige von diesem findet man auf dem Aminet in den
  Verzeichnissen `util/#?/'.

  2.3 What is MUI?
  ================

     MUI is a set of shared libraries which are used to build a
  comfortable GUI (`Graphical user interface'). The general idea of MUI
  is that the programmer determines only the logical structure of the GUI
  and the look (Font, Size, Windows on Workbench, Public Screen, own
  Screen, ...) is determined by the user only. From the programmers point
  of view using MUI is simpler than `gadtools.library' but much more
  powerful. On the other hand MUI interfaces are slower than
  GadTools-Interfaces, especially on old 68000 machines.

     MUI is found in two archives, one for developers only and one for
  users. Source: Aminet, `dev/misc'.

  2.3.1 Icon collections and Backgrounds
  --------------------------------------

     The standard icons aren't beautiful, indeed.  But there do exist
  some beautiful icon collections.  I know of `MagicWB' and `NewIcons'.

     `MagicWB' is Shareware. The icons are drawn beautiful in pastel with
  every known trick. You also get a lot of good backgrounds which
  beautify workbench windows and MUI programs.  Fine and good readable
  fonts replace the clumsy topaz8 font.  You also get good icons for the
  ToolManager.  You can find a test version of MagicWB on Aminet.

     `NewIcons' is Freeware. The icons do have relative intensive colors
  and are drawn as three dimensional objects floating slanted in space.
  You can find NewIcons on Aminet, `util/wb/NewIcons.lha'.

  *F:*
       How do I turn off the "Gag" of MagicWorkbench (the intro which
       appears sometimes during booting)?

  *A:*
       In S: should be a file called `mti.data'. Delete it.

  *F:*
       How can I create NewIcons?

  *A:*
       The author of NewIcon currently works on an IconEd. Until then,
       Iconian 2.9x (I3) is the only way to create NewIcons.

  *F:*
       How can I prevent MagicWorkbench Icons to appear in incorrect
       colors?

  *A:*
       Register MagicWB 2.0, it contains a tool which patches the palette,
       or get one of the different tools from Aminet.

  *MagicColors*
  *ShoveColors*
       Its a good program, you can find it in Iconian, PictIcon or
       `Aminet:util/wb/').

  2.4 What is the Amiga equivalent of . (Current directory)?
  ==========================================================

     The AmigaDOS equivalent for the . representing the current directory
  on Unix and certain non-reentrant interrupt handlers is the empty
  string, which is written as "".

     Example:
           COPY S:Startup-Sequence ""

  copies your Startup-Sequence to the current directory.

     There is some FD software available to patch a Unix-like
  interpretation of . and .. into the AmigaDOS, including, but not
  limited to, Martin Scott's UnixDirs. (Aminet,
  `os20/util/UnixDirsII.lha' or Fish-disk 837)

     Arno Eigenwillig ([e-mail])

  2.5 The PIPE: queue-handler
  ===========================

     In the AmigaOS release 2.04, a new handler for passing data between
  programs was introduced. This handler is called `L:Queue-Handler',
  better known as the `PIPE:' device.

     `PIPE:' implements a true `pipe' familiar from UNIX systems.  Its
  function is to pass the output of one program to another program as
  input. You can chain several programs together using multiple pipes.

     The advantages of using pipes are:
    1. No need for a lot of RAM to keep the temporary files, or, no need
       to slow things down by storing temporary files on the HD.

    2. Faster operation since the intermediate data doesn't need to be
       stored anywhere between programs.

     The `PIPE:' device differs from the UNIX pipes in two important
  respects:
    1. It is a device, so the input and output of the programs doesn't
       need to be a redirected standard output, although that is the
       general case. You can also use `PIPE:' instead of files, with two
       restrictions; you can not read a directory from `PIPE:', and the
       `PIPE:' `file' can not be `seeked' in.

    2. It does not support a flush operation. If all of the data written
       in a `PIPE:' device is not read out, it will stay there, buffered.
       Thus you must always `empty' a pipe before closing it.

    3. Because of the above, if unread data exceeds the size of the
       `PIPE:' internal buffer, the program writing to the pipe will
       `block' (that is, suspend operation) until the data is read. See
       below on how to manually flush a pipe.

     The PIPE: handler name syntax is `PIPE:name/bufsize/bufnum', where
  `name' is the name for the pipe channel. Using names you can have
  several simultaneous pipe operations. The optional arguments
  `bufsize'and `bufnum' specify the size and number of the buffers used
  by `PIPE:'. Normally, you would just use `PIPE:name'.

     The default buffer size of `PIPE:' is 4096 bytes, and the number of
  buffers (ie. channels) is unlimited.

     Osma Ahvenlampi ([e-mail])

  2.5.1 Using PIPE: in a standard AmigaShell environment
  ------------------------------------------------------

     First, make sure `PIPE:' is mounted. You can do this by giving the
  command
           1> Mount PIPE:

  in a Shell window. On an AmigaOS 2.1+ system, `PIPE:' is normally
  mounted on startup by placing the mount entry file `PIPE' in the drawer
  `DEVS:DosDrivers'.

     In an AmigaShell window, give the commands:
           1> Run List SYS: >PIPE:Listoutput
           1> More <PIPE:Listoutput

  (1)

     These two commands list the contents of the `SYS:' volume to a pipe
  and then type it in the Shell window. You could also use:
           1> Run List SYS: NOHEAD >PIPE:Listoutput
           1> Run Sort PIPE:Listoutput PIPE:Sortedoutput
           1> More <PIPE:Sortedoutput

  Notice that you need to `Run' all the programs except for the last one.
  This is so that you can get them all running simultaneously. You could
  also use several Shell windows, or any other way of running all the
  programs at the same time. Also this might not work if `More' isn't the
  standard Commodore AmigaOS 2.04+ More found in `SYS:Utilities'.

     In case you need to manually flush a pipe, for example because the
  program that was reading from it aborts prematurely, it can be done
  with the command:
           1> Type PIPE:name TO NIL:

     ---------- Footnotes ----------

     (1)  Note that `1>' is the prompt AmigaShell gives when it is
  waiting for a command. The number varies, and the prompt can be
  customised to look completely different. It is not a part of the
  command.

  2.5.2 The Pipe command
  ----------------------

     As you can see, this is a somewhat difficult way of using pipes,
  needing a lot of typing especially compared to the UNIX pipes. There is
  a solution for that.

     Andy Finkel, a former Commodore software engineer wrote a command
  called `Pipe' (not to be confused with `PIPE:') that simplifies the use
  of the `PIPE:' device. Unfortunately, this command did not make it into
  the 2.04 release. However, Commodore has given the permission to
  distribute this, and a few other commands, freely. (Sources: Fish disk
  673, Aminet, `util/cli/finkelshelltools.lha')

     For some reason Commodore did not include these commands in the later
  OS releases, although they work fine even with OS 3.1 (V40). Thus all
  users are required to get them from the above sources if they wish to
  use them.

     The Pipe command usage is simple. The commands to be run with their
  inputs and outputs piped together are given as arguments to the
  command, separated by the | (vertical bar) character:

           1> Pipe List SYS: | More
               or
           1> Pipe List: SYS: NOHEAD | Sort IN: OUT: | More

  Notice how Sort needs `IN:' and `OUT:'. These devices don't actually
  exist, but the Pipe command simulates them with the PIPE:. This is
  necessary because C:Sort can not use the `standard IO', but insists on
  files.

     The separator character | can be configured to be something else
  with the local variable __PCHAR.

  2.5.3 Pipe command support in AmigaShell
  ----------------------------------------

     There is a little known and quite useful undocumented feature built
  in the 2.04+ AmigaShell, that is, AmigaShell knows about the `Pipe'
  command. By setting the local variable _PCHAR, you can use pipes
  without even entering the Pipe command. AmigaShell will prepend it on
  the command line automatically if it sees the pipe separator command
  specified by _pchar on the command line.

     Thus, after the command:
           1> Set _pchar "|"

  (1)

     the above examples can be used like this:
           1> List SYS: | More
               or
           1> List SYS: NOHEAD | Sort IN: OUT: | More

     Those familiar with the UNIX pipes will notice how the usage is very
  similar to the UNIX pipe usage.

     ---------- Footnotes ----------

     (1)  The quotes around the vertical bar are important, to avoid
  AmigaShell interpreting the command as an attempt to use PIPE:, if
  _PCHAR is already set (for example if the Shell is started from within
  another one).

  2.5.4 Quick usage guide
  -----------------------

    1. Get the ShellTools archive from the Fish disk 673, or from Aminet,
       `util/cli/hacks204.lha'.

    2. Install the commands in this archive in your Shell search path,
       preferably C:.

    3. Put the command `Set _pchar |' in your `S:Shell-Startup' file.

    4. Restart your AmigaShell so that it reads the `S:Shell-Startup'.

    5. Try `List SYS: | More'

    6. Read the ShellTools documentation and experiment.

  2.5.5 Related things
  --------------------

     The variable _mchar is used to separate one command from another in
  a shell line.  So, after the command:
           1> Set _mchar ";"
     you can put more shell commands into the same line, separated from
  each other by `;'.

  2.5.6 Troubleshooting
  ---------------------

  *Q:*
       When I try the command `List SYS: | More' I get an error
                PIPE: Unknown command

       I have `PIPE:' mounted, what's wrong?

  *A:*
       AmigaShell is referring to the command `Pipe' in the error, not the
       `PIPE:' device. You haven't installed the commands in the
       ShellTools archive.

  *Q:*
       I get a requester that says
                Please insert volume PIPE: in any drive

       when I try any of the command examples.

  *A:*
       `PIPE:' is not mounted. Try `Mount PIPE:'. If that doesn't work,
       refer to your AmigaDOS manual or a friend that knows how to mount
       devices.

  *Q:*
       When I try any of the examples the More window pops up but nothing
       is shown/I get an error afterwards/More pops up a file requester.

  *A:*
       You are not using the standard AmigaOS `More' command. Either use
       another name or install a command that supports pipes.
       Possibilities are the C= More, Less, or Most for example.

  *Q:*
       With use of PIPE:, sometimes characters get lost. What happened?

  *A:*
       Up to OS 3.1, the queue-handler has some bugs which don't allow a
       really foolproof transmission of data.  A compatible replacement
       for the queue-handler can be founbd on Aminet,
       `util/sys/HWGQueue.lha'.

  *Q:*
       None of these happen but it still doesn't work as you described.

  *A:*
       Are you using OS 2.04 later? Are you using the standard AmigaShell?
       Try with all extras disabled.

  2.6 ARexx, the program control language
  =======================================

  *Q:*
       I want to send an ARexx command through CLI or through a shell
       script, but that (rx ADDRESS PORTNAME;COMMAND) doesnt work.

  *A:*
       You have to put quotation marks. (rx "ADDRESS PORTNAME;COMMAND").
       It also prevents upcasing the portname when it should be lowercase.

  3 How about Graphics?
  *********************

     Graphics is one of the major strengths of the Amiga. Why don't we
  have more answers here? :-(

  3.1 What are chunky and planar displays?
  ========================================

     Simply put, the terms `chunky' and `planar' (short for `bitplanar')
  refer to different ways of storing graphics information in a computer's
  memory. They are rather easy to understand, as far as things go, but
  incredibly difficult to explain:

     Computer images are arranged as a grid of pixels, each of which can
  be thought of as a number representing the color number of the pixel,
  sort of like a paint-by-numbers scheme.  For example, here's a
  simplified example image, in four colors:

          00302132

     The Amiga stores this image in a `bitplane' mode. That is, it is
  represented by several planes of bits (binary digits, 1s or 0s). This
  is a four-color image, so each color number could be represented by two
  bits.  Therefore there are two bitplanes:

          00100110    Here's bitplane 0
          00101011    And here's bitplane 1
          --------    Now, let's add them up, binary style:
          00302132

     Which is the final image. If the image was in two dimensions, it
  would truly be composed of bit planes. However, I'd need three
  dimensions to show multiple bitplanes overlayed, and therefore for
  simplicity we're working in one dimension (which is all we need).

     Now, there's another way of storing this image.  How about if we
  localize the bit data in little chunks?

          00 00 11 00 01 10 11 01 = 00302132

     This is the principle of the `chunky' pixel mode.

     Both methods of image storage are perfectly logical, and no one can
  say that one is better than the other. However, there are certain
  technical aspects which cause certain advantages and disadvantages.

     First, if you've seen colored text scroll on your Amiga, you know
  there is a bit of "flicker" that arises. Specifically, what happens is
  that while the text is scrolling, its color temporarily changes to
  something completely different. What's happening is that the computer's
  moving several bitplanes of data while the raster (monitor electron
  gun) is sweeping across the screen. What that means is that, if the
  raster catches the data while it's being moved, you can end up with some
  bitplanes being moved and some not. What if we filled bitplane 1 in the
  example above with 0s? Instantly all the 3s become 1s, and the 2s
  become 0s! This is what causes "flicker" when certain colors are
  scrolled. By contrast, if a chunky pixel display is caught while
  scrolling, all we see is a partially-scrolled image; the colors are
  preserved (since their units are the small ones).

     That's a disadvantage to planar pixels, but what about chunky pixels?
  Well, recall that a computer organizes information in terms of 8 bit
  bytes. These groups are static; you cannot decide to all of a sudden
  organize data in terms of three bytes or something! Therefore, when
  using chunky pixels, things get complicated if we decide to use a
  nonconvenient number of bits per pixel. In practice, the 8-bit
  (256-color) mode, and 24-bit (16 million color) modes are the most
  common candidates for chunky pixel displays.

     Finally, certain effects can be accomplished with the different
  systems.  Bitplanar mode is particularly useful for things like shadows
  (where an extra bitplane is set with 1s instead of 0s), and chunky mode
  is great for perspective and "mapping" (since the data for each pixel is
  localized in a single "chunk"). The latter advantage makes chunky pixel
  mode really great for games, and is what made Wolfenstein 3-D possible.

     We all know that Amigas use the bitplane system for storing images.
  However, the Macintosh and PC(VGA) both use chunky pixel modes. While
  we can optimize our RAM usage with "bizarre" modes like 8- and
  128-color, they gain the advantages of non-flicker scrolling, and the
  programming simplicity of just writing a byte where you want the pixel
  to go.

     The difference between the two modes becomes problematic in things
  like emulation. EMPLANT has a "chunky to planar" routine which it uses
  to convert a Macintosh display into an Amiga one. "Chunky to planar"
  routines are also useful for getting chunky-inclined things to run on
  Amigas (see TMAPDemo, rotdemo). On a side note, there was some
  confusion as to what EMPLANT used the MMU for with regard to chunky to
  planar. The MMU itself is incapable of performing the algorithm for the
  conversion; rather, it is used to detect what portions of the display
  memory are updated from the Mac side, and therefore the processor is
  saved from having to perform the chunky to planar conversion for the
  entire display.

     I sincerely hope that helped clear up most of the mystery concerning
  the terms "Chunky" and "Planar"!

     (Joseph Luk, [e-mail])

  3.2 What is doublebuffering?
  ============================

     Don't be ashamed if you haven't a clue as to what this is. It's
  rather simple, really. Imagine you wanted to animate something by
  drawing out each frame. Now imagine you had only one piece of paper.
  Even if you drew pretty fast, it would be difficult to see what the
  animation looks like because you'd have to erase the frame you just
  drew, in order to draw the next one!

     What if you had two pieces of paper? Why, then, you could see the
  difference between two adjacent frames. First you'd draw your first
  frame on the first piece of paper, then you'd draw the second frame on
  the other piece.  Then you'd erase the picture on the first piece of
  paper, and draw in the third frame. Then you'd erase the picture on the
  second piece of paper, and draw in the fourth frame, and so forth.

     This is the principle of doublebuffering. The computer shows you the
  picture it just drew, then turns around and draws the next one. It then
  swaps the picture in front of you with the one it just drew, and
  repeats the process. The result is a smooth animation, because you
  never need to see the computer draw; all you see is each finished
  product.

     (Joseph Luk, [e-mail])

  3.3 What monitors will work on my Amiga 1200/4000?
  ==================================================

     Monitors can be classified after the horizontal scan frequency they
  require.  TVs, as well as C='s 1084 monitor, need frequencies around 15
  kHz. VGA/SVGA need approx. 30 kHz. Multisync monitors can take many
  frequencies.

     In short: You can use any monitor you want with an A1200. BUT:

     - If you use a regular VGA/SVGA monitor, you can only use a few
       display modes (like DblPAL, DblNTSC and/or Productivity). I.e.
       (320|640) x (256|512|1024) for DblPAL. This is great for Workbench
       and all "serious" utilities (DTP etc), but don't expect any games
       to work... they don't use your preferences, just take over the
       machine and assume a 15 kHz monitor. Also, you cannot utilize the
       "Early Startup Control" screen (you know, disable cache, and that
       stuff), which also requires a 15 kHz monitor. Furthermore, VGA
       monitors don't have speakers. And the VGA-type modes don't support
       Genlocks. But for a lot of "serious" work, a VGA monitor is quite
       adequate.

     - You already know what happens with a 15 kHz monitor; the
       flickering in Interlace mode. A small tip: Try to use NTSC instead
       of PAL. This increases the refresh rate from 25 Hz to 30 Hz, at
       the expense of lower vertical resolution (482 lines maximum). The
       NTSC and PAL modes aren't as bad as many people think. If your
       monitor has a lot of phosphorous (long afterglow), PAL Laced can
       be quite OK, and it gives you a resolution of 1448x566 in
       SuperHiRes. That's the highest resolution currently supported on
       AGA Amigas, in _any_ display mode.

     - A Multisync gives you the best of both worlds. The 1940 and 1942
       monitors from C= are quite OK, although rather cumbersome to
       use... The h/v size and offset must be set manually each time you
       switch display mode.  (1) The 1960 monitor doesn't have this
       problem, but it's a bit more expensive.

     For a VGA/SVGA or Multisync monitor, you'd need a little shiny box
  which gives you the standard 15-pin "D" connector. It costs around $15.

     There are other alternatives... like the "AmiVGA" box ($50 or so),
  which I think is a cheapo version of the Flicker Fixer. (But it's
  really a shame to use this on an AGA Amiga.)

     Also, you can get a VGA monitor, and hook up your TV to the
  composite or RF port on the Amiga - one monitor for games, one for
  serious stuff.

     (Per Espen Hagen, [e-mail])

     ---------- Footnotes ----------

     (1)  A patch is available on Aminet for Kickstart 3.0 to do this
  without manual actions in the file `os30/util/Monitor30Patch.lha'.

  3.4 How do I switch between PAL and NTSC?
  =========================================

     PAL and NTSC are two different video standards, the former being
  European, and the latter being American. PAL has a slightly taller
  screen (256 lines non-interlaced, non-overscanned) as opposed to NTSC
  (200 lines), so if you see the bottom portion of a program's screen
  getting cut off on your American machine, chances are the program was
  written for PAL, and is running on your shorter NTSC screen. PAL and
  NTSC differences are somewhat less important to European users; since
  their machines default to PAL, running an NTSC program is no more than
  a minor annoyance having the screen only appear in the top portion of
  the display.

     Therefore, for us NTSC folks, switching into PAL mode becomes
  important to avoid loss of some picture on Euro Demos, etc.

     First, the most common misconception about switching between PAL and
  NTSC is that you need a Multiscan or special monitor for such a purpose.
  Not so! Just about any monitor can handle the minor signal difference
  between PAL and NTSC (50Hz vertical refresh versus 60Hz). The 108x,
  19xx, and 20xx series, and even most TVs, can display both PAL and NTSC.
  Sometimes it is necessary to perform minor tweaking of vertical hold
  and/or v. size on your monitor to achieve full display, though this is
  trivial.

     What IS needed to switch between PAL and NTSC in software, is a
  "Fatter" (1MB) Agnus or better. If your system has more than 512K of
  CHIP RAM (use the avail command to find out) you have this chip. If you
  do not, ou can still construct a hardware switch (see below).

     The following directions assume you're an NTSC user who wants to
  switch into PAL mode, but the procedure for going from PAL to NTSC is
  much the same.

     The most common use of switching into PAL is for self-booting games,
  demos, etc.  The best way to accomplish this on pre-3.0 systems is to
  use Chris Hames' Degrader program (most recent version: 1.30). Once you
  have procured this program, the switch is as simple as selecting
  "50Hz", and "50Hz System", then installing the program's ROMTag (little
  program that runs at boot-time) by pressing the "Survive Reset(s)"
  button.

     AmigaDOS 3.0 added a PAL/NTSC switch feature to its Boot Menu, and
  all you need to do in order to access this is hold down both mouse
  buttons as the computer boots. Select Display Options, Display
  Mode/PAL, and then Boot. If the program still fails to go into PAL mode
  (Zool is one I've found), you may wish to get Degrader anyway and try
  that.

     Software PAL/NTSC switching is easy and painless. Some people have
  gone even further by installing hardware PAL/NTSC switches. This
  results in a system which even the most nasty hardware-banging programs
  can't bring to its original configuration (if it has been switched).
  The procedure is simple - most Amigas have jumpers already - but beyond
  the scope of this document.

     Therefore, if your screen is too short or cut off, seek the different
  screen mode. You'll "see new horizons", literally!

     (Joseph Luk, [e-mail])

     (1)

     ---------- Footnotes ----------

     (1)  PAL/NTSC switching with a MultiSync monitor is possible on 2.0+
  and easily accomplished by moving the PAL monitor type to (or NTSC, as
  applicable, I have them both in) the Devs/Monitors drawer (from the
  Storage/Monitors drawer), reboot, then go into the Prefs drawer and
  select the ScreenMode program. You will see at least two PAL modes
  available (PAL and PAL Interlaced). Simply select one of the (usually
  non-interlaced for demos) and select "Use". All windows on the Workbench
  will close, the video mode will change, and then the windows will
  reopen - that simple!

     Allen J. Newton, [e-mail]

  4 Programming
  *************

     This chapter handles problems arising for programmers and
  compiler-users only.

  4.1 What documentation do I need as an Amiga programmer?
  ========================================================

     The best information available are the RKMs (ROM Kernel Manuals), 3rd
  edition, by Commodore, published by Addison-Wesley:
       The Amiga ROM Kernel Manual:  Libraries, ISBN 0-201-56774-1
       The Amiga ROM Kernel Manual:  Devices, ISBN 0-201-56775-X
       The Amiga ROM Kernel Manual:  Includes and Autodocs, ISBN
                                                            0-201-56773-3
       The Amiga Hardware Manual, ISBN 0-201-56776-8
       The Amiga User Interface Style Guide, ISBN 0-201-57757-7

  Especially the RKM: Libraries is a must. The RKM: Includes and Autodocs
  isn't that much worth: Better get the same stuff on disk instead to
  have it online.  See Includes.

     AmigaDOS isn't included in these books. The Autodocs give much
  information, but to go deeper you probably need
       The AmigaDOS Manual, 3rd Edition, ISBN 0-553-35403-5
     published by Bantam Books.

     A better choice for developers is
       The Amiga Guru Book

  by Ralph Babel. The book starts with a survey on different aspects of
  programming the Amiga. (About 250 pages) Useful for beginners are the
  sections on the Amiga's data types (not to be confused with the 3.x
  DataTypes used by MultiView, for example), the Includes and the
  amiga.lib. But even experienced programmers will find useful things
  here that are missing in the RKMs.  But the largest part are about 500
  pages on AmigaDOS and, as I think, the most important, because AmigaDOS
  is the worst officially documented part of the OS. The book is rather
  concise and hence not as easy to read as the RKMs, but I recommend it
  as an addition and instead of the AmigaDOS manual.  (Not, however, a
  replacement for the Libraries and Devices, which aren't covered here.)
  Unfortunately the book has no ISBN and is available in special stores
  only. But there are some mail order companies which offer it for about
  50$ and which accept credit cards:

                                   Almathera Systems Limited
                                   Southerton House
       NBG USA, Inc.               Boundary Business Court
       482 Holly Avenue            92-94 Church Road
       St. Paul, MN 55102          Mitcham, Surrey CR4 3TD
       USA                         England
       Voice: [phone]    Voice: [phone]
       Fax:   [phone]    Fax:   [phone]
                                   E-Mail: <[e-mail]>

                                   Stefan Ossowskis Schatztruhe
       Hirsch & Wolf OHG           Gesellschaft für Software mbH
       Mittelstraße 33             Veronikastraße 33
       D-56564 Neuwied             D-45131 Essen
       Germany                     Germany
       Voice: [phone]    Voice: [phone]
       Fax:   [phone]   Fax:   [phone]
                                   E-Mail: <[e-mail]>

       Someware
       27 rue Gabriel Péri
       59186 Anor
       France
       Voice: [phone]
       Fax:   [phone]
       E-Mail: <[e-mail]>
     See FAQs.

  4.2 What is CATS?
  =================

     This is a department at Commodore West Chester which was formerly
  named `Commodore Amiga Technical Support' and was later renamed
  `Commodore Application and Technical Support'. These are people that
  work independently of Engineering, but close together with them, and try
  to help developers outside of Commodore to create nice Amiga
  applications, software or hardware. To achieve this, CATS has gathered
  a lot of informations and tools, on floppy, CD, or paper. Much of this
  material is also available to the general public. (1) But don't mix
  this up with some sort of Hotline for everyone!

     For Americans the address to get this material is
           CATS
           Commodore Electronics Limited
           950 Rittenhouse Road
           Norristown, PA 19403

  for all Europeans it's a company in Germany:
           Fa. Hirsch & Wolf
           Mittelstr. 33
           56564 Neuwied
           Tel. [phone]

     Dr. Peter Kittel, [e-mail]

     ---------- Footnotes ----------

     (1)  Which means: For Non-Developers.

  4.3 Where do I get the Amiga includes?
  ======================================

     The only legal way to get the includes and autodocs (and you *should*
  get them, they are *very* useful!) is to become a developer (see
  Developer) or to buy the `NDU' (Native developers update kit, also
  known as `NDUK' or `NDK'), which is offered by CATS. They cost about
  30$ plus shipping and this seems to me to be a fair price. See CATS.
  The current version is 3.1.

     If you need only the includes, you could get them as well with a
  compiler (commercial compilers only) or by getting the Fresh Fish CD.
  See Fish CD.

  4.4 How do I become a developer?
  ================================

     You need the `ADSP' (Amiga Developer Support Program) documents. To
  get this write a letter to your local Commodore branch asking for these
  documents.  Everything else should be explained there. The german
  address (for the US address see CATS) is
           Commodore
           Lyoner Strasse 38
           60528 Frankfurt
     There are three different developer versions:
  *Registered*
       developers get access to the CBMNET (kind of a Commodore-internal
       Usenet), which makes it possible to discuss problems with other
       developers, Commodore engineers included. Registered developers
       pay about US$80 per year, plus initial US$30 initially.

  *Certified*
       developers seem to me the most interesting claass: They have the
       possibility copy the most beta versions of the system software
       (Kickstart and Workbench) and the respective Includes and
       AutoDocs. (Not all beta versions and especially no beta hardware.)
       You pay about US$250 per year plus US$50 initially for this.

  *Commercial*
       developers finally have in most details the same as certified
       developers, but may expect to get more beta versions and sooner,
       included beta hardware (This has *not* always been so in the
       past.), hencethey pay about US$400 plus US$50 initially.

  The above describes the prices and the situation in Germany and might be
  different elsewhere. Especially not all Commodore branches offer the
  registered status. A hint is to build a group of users and become a
  developer group, so the costs are reduced.

     All developers have to sign non-disclosure agreements (`NDA') which
  specify that we may not discuss information outside of authorized areas
  even to other developers until given explicit permission by Commodore.

  4.5 What compilers (assemblers) are there?
  ==========================================

     There is a lot of programming languages on the Amiga, commercial as
  well as freely distributable. I will enumerate only those that I know
  or which seem it worth to me otherwise.

  *Assembler*
       All C-compilers have an Assembler included. Freely distributable
       are A68K and PhxAss (directory `dev/asm' on Aminet or Fish disks
       521 and 906)

       Commercial Assemblers are MaxonASM, OMA3.0 and DevPack3.14.

  *Basic*
       The following commercial Basic-compiler/interpreter are available:
       BlitzBasic2, Amos and MaxonBasic3.

  *C*
  *C++*
       Freely distributable C-compilers are `gcc' (which has its own
       directory `dev/gcc' on Aminet) and the evaluation version of
       `Dice' (for example per FTP from `ftp.uni-paderborn.de', directory
       `/news/comp.binaries.amiga/volume91/languages' or on Fish disk
       491).  The advantage of gcc is that you find gcc versions all over
       the world and on all computer systems. Another advantage is that
       C++ is included into gcc! But it is slow and needs 4Mb of RAM or
       more.  See The GNU C compiler.  See Mailing lists.

       Commercial C compilers are `Aztec-C', `Dice', `SAS/C' amd
       `MaxonC++'.  `Aztec-C' doesn't seem to get further development any
       more.  It should be remarked that the commercial compilers have
       especially wonderful debugging utilities (Source level debuggers!)
       that the others are missing.

       SAS has announced to drop support of the Amiga-Compiler, too, due
       to the Amiga's bad situation. However, the compiler is still
       available and up-to-date and has a crosscompiler included, which
       translates C++ to C and supports the source level debugger too.
       Considering the price of just 99$ for students and updates from
       recent versions or other compilers it is still the most
       recommendable of the three. In europe the compiler is available
       from
                SAS Institute, Inc.           SAS Institute Gmbh
                Book Sales                    PO Box 10 53 40
                SAS Campus Drive              69043 Heidelberg
                Cary, NC 27513                Germany
                USA

                Phone: [phone]          Phone: [phone]
                EMail: [e-mail]      EMail: [e-mail]

       Dice is the cheapest and fastest commercial compiler. The greatest
       disadvantage of Dice (compared to the other commercial compilers)
       is the so-called Source-Line-Debugger: This means that you see the
       current line of source and can execute the program step by step,
       like with the other debuggers. On the other hand you can examine
       memory only, not the variables.  To get information about DICE,
       send email to [e-mail]. An automatic system will return
       complete details, including upgrade prices.

       Comeau C++ is a crosscompiler like SAS/C++. That wouldn't be a
       problem, but Comeau C++ doesn't have a C compiler included.  You
       need SAS/C, Aztec-C or Dice additionally. But it is AT&T cfront 3.0
       compliant and supports exceptions. And like gcc it runs on many
       platforms.  Maxxon C++ is offered in Germany. I cannot say
       anything on it. Both compilers are commercial. Comeau's address is:
                Comeau computing
                91-34, 120th Street
                Richmond Hill, NY, 11418-3214
                USA

                EMail: Greg Comeau, [e-mail]

       Maxon C++ is both a C++ and a C compiler. There is a light version
       and a developer version. The developer version matches the AT&T
       standard 3.0.  Maxon-light includes a compiler and a editor.
       Developer includes a source level debugger, Amiga classes library
       and Hot Help with documentation to the amiga libs.  It is a german
       product, and compiler and documentation are german.  The compiler
       has some little bugs, but you can work with it well, anyway.

  *Forth*
       JForth is said to be an excellent Amiga port of Forth. Among its
       advantages are object oriented extensions, full Amiga interface
       and an application generator. It is available from:
                Delta Research
                P.O. Box 151051
                San Rafael, CA   94915-1051

                Phone: [phone]
                EMail: Phil Burk, [e-mail]
                       Mike Haas, [e-mail]

  *Fortran*
       (Sigh! Still people who need it :-<) Freely distributable are BCF
       (Fish disk 470) and f2c, a Fortran to C converter (Aminet,
       directory `/dev/lang'). A commercial compiler is offered from
       ABSoft. All these are Fortran 77 compilers, I don't know any
       Fortran 90 compiler on the Amiga.

  *Lisp*
       Freely distributable Lisp interpreters are XLisp (Fish disk 181)
       and OakLisp (Fish disks 519 and 520) and CLISP
       (`/pub/lisp/clisp/binaries/amiga' at the server `ftp
       ma2s2.mathematik.uni-karlsruhe.de'). Lisp compilers are Gambit
       (Fish 764 and 765) and Scheme-to-C (Fish disks 556, 557 and 558).
       See Mailing lists.

  *Prolog*
       `/dev/lang/UNSWProlog.lha' and `dev/lang/sbp3_1e.lha' on Aminet as
       well as `SBProlog' on Fish disk 141 and `SBProlog' on Fish disk
       145 are freely distributable Prolog interpreters.

  *Modula-2*
       M2Amiga is offered in Europe, Benchmark Modula-2 in the U.S. Both
       are said to be very good, have a powerful source-level-debugger, a
       large library.  Especially M2Amiga has great support by a german
       user-group (AMOK) which for example offers own PD disks. See
       Mailing lists.

       M2Amiga is offered by:
                A+L AG
                Daderiz 61
                2540 Grenchen
                Schweiz

                Tel.: [phone]
                Fax:              -79

       Benchmark Modula-2 is available from:
                Armadillo Computing
                5225 Marymount Drive
                Austin, Texas 78723
                USA

                Phone/FAX: [phone].
                EMail: Jim Olinger, [e-mail]

  *Oberon*
  *Oberon-2*
       Two compilers (both Oberon-2) are available: AmigaOberon
       (commercial) is offered by the same company as M2Amiga. It is
       integrated into a full developers environment and has a large
       library of modules.  Library linker and  source level debugger are
       available.

       Oberon-A is a Freeware compiler. (Source: Aminet, `dev/obero'
       directory) However, this is a beta release, especially the module
       library is limited. See Mailing lists.

       The AMOK user group supports AmiOberon as well as M2Amiga.

       In addition to these two standalone compilers which are thought
       mainly for creating AmigaOS applications, there is an Amiga port of
       the Oberon Sytem V4, too. The Oberon System is implemented as an
       AmigaOS-Task using a separate screen and includes an Oberon-2
       compiler. You can use it to write software that will work on all
       implementations of the Oberon System V4 (for example Macintosh,
       Windows or Sparc) without any changes.

  *Pascal*
       There is a PD-compiler called PCQ (Directory `dev/lang' on Aminet
       or Fish disk 511). It doesn't support all of Pascal and major
       features are missing. P2C, a pascal to C converter is on disk 341.
       (Aminet: `/dev/misc/p2c120.lha') Additionally there are two
       commercial compilers called HiSoft Pascal and KickPascal. HiSoft
       Pascal and P2C claim to be compatible to Turbo Pascal up to 5.0.
       HiSoft has a source level debugger included.

  4.6 Those never working Esc sequences!
  ======================================

     Many printers come with a manual that explains which Esc sequence
  causes which action on the printer. But there happen weird things when
  you try to send these sequences to your printer, either it does
  nothing, or it does something completely different. There is a reason,
  the Amiga printer drivers. These drivers are made in a way that they
  only understand a certain set of `ANSI Esc sequences', not the special
  ones defined (differently) by the various printer manufacturers. The
  purpose is that every application on the Amiga just uses this one
  standard set of control sequences and this way doesn't need to know
  which printer is actually connected. The printer driver then translates
  these standard sequences into the special sequences a certain printer
  understands.  A list of the available ANSI Esc sequences is found in
  the current Workbench manuals (or older AmigaDOS manuals). Now if you
  want to issue a control sequence to the printer that's not available as
  an ANSI command, you have two possibilities to achieve this:
    1. Bypass the printer driver (that would unsuccessfully try to
       interpret the sequence) and send your output *only* during this
       sequence to `PAR:' (or `SER:', respectively). For this you have to
       close and open printer output channels very often which is rather
       tedious, and you have to know where (`PAR:' or `SER:') your
       printer is connected.

    2. Use a special ANSI sequence, made exactly for this case:
                `Esc[<n>"<x>'
       where `<n>' is the decimally typed number of bytes in the string
       `<x>', which actually contains your special printer sequence. This
       ANSI sequence tells the printer driver to not interpret or
       translate the next `<n>' bytes.
          But both methods have one big disadvantage when used in an
  application program: You lose the printer independency! If you stick to
  ANSI sequen- ces, you can output to any printer on earth, as long as
  there is an Amiga printer driver for it. If you start to use special
  control sequences, your program will be tied to this single printer
  model and will not be usefull for any other (or you would have to
  provide some dozen new printer drivers for your application).

     Dr. Peter Kittel, [e-mail]

  4.7 Is it possible to use AmigaBasic on the A1200?
  ==================================================

     AmigaBasic wurde (als einziges Amiga-Programm) von Microsoft
  entwickelt und ist entsprechend fehlerhaft.

     Man kann es auf dem A1200 trotzdem zum Laufen bringen, wenn man
  folgendes beachtet:

    1. run NoFastMem (or turn off FastMem).

    2. Switch off sound output in the Sound prefs editor.

    3. Better avoid SUBs and use GOSUBs instead, then the compatibility
       with newer processors will be higher.

    4. There is a patch you should run at the beginning of AmigaBasic:
              ---------------------------------- CUT HERE -------------------------------
               `" AmigaBASIC patch to let AmigaBASIC work on A1200 and other newer machines.
               `" Start at the beginning of AmigaBASIC or invoke AmigaBASIC with this program

               OPEN "AMIGABasic" AS 1 LEN=1
               FIELD #1,1 AS d$
               i&=&HF3*256+&H87 : PRINT i&
               GET #1,i& : a$=HEX$(ASC(d$))
               PRINT a$
               IF a$="79" THEN
                   LSET d$=CHR$(&H78)
                   PUT #1,i&
               END IF
               CLOSE 1
              ---------------------------------- CUT HERE -------------------------------

     Andreas Mixich, [e-mail]

  4.8 How do I localize my program?
  =================================

     Suggest, you want to write a `HelloLocalWorld.c'. Your final program
  will look like this:

           #include "HelloLocalWorld_Cat.h"
           #include <clib/exec_protos.h>

           struct Library *LocaleBase;

           void main(int argc, char *argv[])

           {
               /* Open the locale.library. No kill, if not successfull.
                  (Just use the builtin catalog strings instead.) Note, that
                  we open locale.library here, even if our compiler supports
                  AutoOpening.
               */
               LocaleBase = OpenLibrary("locale.library", 38);
               OpenHelloLocalWorldCatalogs(NULL, NULL);

               printf(GetString(MSG_Hello));

               CloseHelloLocalWorldCatalog();
               if (LocaleBase) CloseLibrary(LocaleBase);
           }

     The routine GetString checks, if the wished catalogs are available
  and returns a pointer to either the builtin string or the catalog
  string. (In my case the german string.)

     You see, the main difference besides the minor opening and closing
  stuff (OpenLibrary, OpenHelloLocalWorldCatalogs, ...) (which too can be
  dropped, too, with FlexCat) is to replace strings with a function call.
  Hence we need a file `HelloLocalWorld_Cat.c', which holds
  OpenHelloLocalWorld, GetString, CloseHelloLocalWorld and the builtin
  strings (this could be an array, where
               array[MSG_Hello] = "Hello, local world.\n";

  is defined) and an include file `HelloLocalWorld_Cat.h', which defines
  the message ID's like MSG_Hello. You don't need to know, how these files
  work internally, especially you don't need to know `locale.library'!

     There are some catalog generators (in what follows: CGs) available
  (`CatComp', for devlopers only, `KitCat', german docs only, `MakeCat',
  which I don't know and `FlexCat', which I  recommend, because it is
  most flexible in the generated source and supports catalogs on 2.0 and
  any language, even Amiga-E, Cluster, Pascal, ... and besides that: I'm
  the author ;-) are tools, that create  HelloLocalWorld_Cat.h,
  HelloLocalWorld_Cat.c and the real catalogs for you. (The above code
  might differ slightly between the different CGs.) (See Aminet, directory
  `dev/misc'.)

     Of course they need to know how to use them. First create a so-called
  `catalog-description' file. This could look like this:
           ; Lines beginning with a semicolon are comment lines.
           # language english
           ; the language of the builtin strings
           # version 0
           ; the catalog version (0 = any)
           MSG_Hello (1/15/30)
           Hello, local world

  Any string is defined by a line like the last two lines above: MSG_Hello
  is the message-ID, (1/15/30) says, that the value of MSG_Hello should be
  1 (you may omit this, in which case just the next free number is used)
  and the string must not be shorter than 15 characters or longer than 30
  characters. (These may be omitted too.)

     Now write your program. Once you are ready, use the CGs to create a
  so-called catalog translation file. (One for any language different than
  the builtin.) In my case (german) this could look like this:
           ; Lines beginning with a semicolon are comment lines.
           ## language deutsch
           ; the catalog language (german)
           ## version $VER: Deutsch.catalog 1.0 (22.12.93)
           ; the catalog files version string
           MSG_Hello

           ; Hello, local world

  Note the empty line after the message ID. (The arguments of ## language
  and ## version would be missing as well.) You have to fill in the
  german strings here. Again using the CGs you create a catalog file from
  this. Additionally note, that no informations on the strings ID or
  length are behind MSG_Hello.  They are taken from the catalog
  description file.

     Once you change the program (adding strings, changing the string
  length) you change the catalog description as well, use the CGs in the
  same way to update the catalog translation and hence the catalogs.

  4.9 How to obtain a pointer to a console's window
  =================================================

     The following function returns the window pointer of a CON window.
  It can be executed safely under all versions of the Amiga's OS.

         struct Window *getConWindowPtr(BPTR fh)
         {
           struct Window *w;
           struct FileHandle *cfh;
           struct StandardPacket *sp;
           struct InfoData *id;
           struct MsgPort *mp;

           w = NULL;

           if ((cfh = BADDR(fh))->fh_Type != NULL) {
             if (sp = AllocMem(sizeof (struct StandardPacket),
                               MEMF_PUBLIC | MEMF_CLEAR)) {
               if (id = AllocMem(sizeof (struct InfoData),
                                 MEMF_PUBLIC | MEMF_CLEAR)) {
                 if (mp = CreatePort(NULL, 0)) {
                   sp->sp_Msg.mn_Node.ln_Name = (char *) &sp->sp_Pkt;
                   sp->sp_Pkt.dp_Link         = &sp->sp_Msg;
                   sp->sp_Pkt.dp_Port         = mp;
                   sp->sp_Pkt.dp_Type         = ACTION_DISK_INFO;
                   sp->sp_Pkt.dp_Arg1         = MKBADDR(id);

                   PutMsg(cfh->fh_Type, &sp->sp_Msg);
                   (void) WaitPort(mp);
                   (void) GetMsg(mp);

                   if (sp->sp_Pkt.dp_Res1)
                     w = (struct Window *) id->id_VolumeNode;

                   DeletePort(mp);
                 }
                 FreeMem(id, sizeof (struct InfoData));
               }
               FreeMem(sp, sizeof (struct StandardPacket));
             }
           }

           return w;
         }

     Notes:
     * Accessing a console's window directly may interfere with operations
       performed by the CON handler. Be careful!

     * To obtain the window pointer of a CLI's console, pass the
       FileHandle returned by Open("*", MODE_OLDFILE) to the above
       function.

     * The result of the above function may well be NULL, e.g. in case of
       an AUX handler or if an AUTO CON handler is unable to open its
       window.

     * Sending an ACTION_DISK_INFO packet to an AUTO CON handler (2.0+)
       causes its window to lose its special AUTO properties (i.e. it can
       no longer be closed at any time by clicking on its Close gadget),
       as the window pointer returned in id_VolumeNode must remain valid
       from now on.

     * All in all: Don't use this function. :-)

     For more information, please refer to pages 273, 276, 435, 463, 485,
  and 629 in "The Amiga Guru Book" (see Manuals).

     Ralph Babel, [e-mail]

  4.10 What are pragmas?
  ======================

     Pragmas are special compiler commmands which control certain
  features of a C-compiler. Two problems arise when using pragmas:
    1. Pragmas are compiler specific. You cannot expect that one compiler
       will understand pragmas of another compiler, even if both run on
       the Amiga.

    2. You are not guaranteed that a compiler ignores pragmas, that he
       doesn't understand. Even more: It might not help, to use something
       like this:
                #ifndef MY_COMPILER
                #pragma DoAnything
                #endif

  A workaround is to put pragmas in a special include file (BTW, the same
  holds true for statements like #asm (Aztec-C) or #extern (C++) and
  replace the above with
           #ifndef MY_COMPILER
           #include <mypragmas.h>
           #endif

     But what do pragmas on the Amiga? The most common usage (not the
  only, but most meant when talking about pragmas) is to tell the
  compiler about how to call library functions: Simple C functions expect
  their arguments on the stack, but library functions want their
  arguments in special processor registers and additionally the `library
  base' in register a6. Lets have a look at a pragma command of the
  Aztec-Compiler.
           #pragma amicall(SysBase,0xd2,FreeMem(a1,d0))

  This tells the compiler to put the first argument of FreeMem in register
  a1, the second in register d0 and the value of the variable SysBase in
  register a6. Maxons pragmas look the same, Dice pragmas and SAS pragmas
  look a bit more complicated;
           #pragma libcall SysBase FreeMem d2 0902

  Here d2 is (like 0xd2 above) the `library vector offset' (see below),
  the digits 09 are codes for the argument register in reversed order
  (Register codes are 0=d0, 1=d1, .., 8=a0, 9=a1, a=a2, ..), the
  following 0 is the result's registerä(always d0))and the final digit 2
  is the number of arguments.

     A command `FreeMem(fib,sizeof(*fib);' could produce the following
  code, if the compiler has seen a pragma statement like above:
           move.l  _fib,a1
           move.l  260,d1        ; sizeof(struct FileInfoBlock)
           move.l  _SysBase,a6
           jsr     -0xd2(a6)       ; 0xd2 = _LVOFreeMem

  Calling FreeMem in that way is shorter and faster than pushing the
  arguments on the stack, calling a function _FreeMem which would do just
  the same like the above code by pulling the arguments from the stack.

     The best way to use pragmas is to include statements like the
  following in your program:
           /*  SAS/C, Dice and GNU-c (since version 2.6.1) make it    */
           /*  very simple:                        */
           #if defined(__SASC)  ||  defined(_DCC)  ||  defined(__GNUC__)
             #include <proto/exec.h>
           #else

             /*  Get the prototype for the function; note, that this    */
             /*  is compiler independent.                */
             #include <clib/exec_protos.h>

             /*  Get the pragma; compiler dependent, but most pragmas    */
             /*  are in files with the same name.            */
             #ifdef AZTEC_C
               #include <pragmas/exec_lib.h>
             #elif defined(__MAXON__)
               #include <pragmas/exec_pragmas.h>
             #endif

             /*  Declare the SysBase variable                */
             extern struct ExecBase *SysBase;
           #endif

  The above example can be compiled on all these compilers and produce the
  best code. (Besides, the proto/*.h-files do nothing else than reading
  clib/*_protos.h and pragmas/*_pragmas.h with #include and then declare
  the SysBase variable.)

     A final question arises: How to get the pragmas? Most compilers have
  them included. However, sometimes you want to produce pragmas for
  yourself, for example if you are using new libraries or new versions
  with additional functions. In that case you can produce them from the
  so-called `FD' files which should be a part of the developer docs of
  the library. (The NDU has a directory FD which contains FD files for
  all libraries and devices of the OS. see Includes) Most compilers have
  a utility with the name `fd2pragma' or similar included which can do
  that for you. A freely distributable version which can produce pragmas
  for Aztec, Dice, SAS and Maxon as well as LVO files for assembler and
  stub routines for the tag versions is available on Aminet
  (`dev/misc/fd2pragma2_0.lha' and on the Fish CDs.

     For pragmas under gcc see Inline Headers.

  4.11 My Compiler/Linker is complaining about missing symbol xxx.
  ================================================================

     First be sure, that the function is really missing: For example
  floating point functions are in a special link library and you need a
  linker option like `-lm' to include it into your program. Another
  possibility would be that you are using a library function and didn't
  notice it. This might lead to a missing library base, `IntuitionBase'
  for example. In that case just put something like
           struct Library *IntuitionBase;

  somewhere in the global part of your program. (Don't forget to call
  OpenLibrary() and CloseLibrary! :-)

     However, you could as well use a function which really isn't present
  in your library at all. If you have, for example, an amiga.lib from 2.0
  you would hardly find the locale functions or the pool memory
  functions. (1) Best solution is to get the NDU (see Includes), but you
  probably don't want to wait for it. In that case you have to find what
  kind of function you are missing.
     * Simple library functions (Examples: `exec/AllocPooled',
       `locale/OpenCatalogA') can be called with pragmas. However, you
       need informations on the name of the library base and where to put
       the arguments. See Pragmas.

     * Tag functions are mostly just stub functions which call library
       functions. If you have, for example, `dos/AllocDosObject' which
       expects a constant and a pointer to an array of tags, you have the
       varargs version `AllocDosObjectTags' which expects tags on the
       stack as well! Just create the following function:
                #include <clib/dos_protos.h>
                #include <pragmas/dos_pragmas.h>    /*  Probably wrong name */

                void *AllocDosObjectTags(ULONG objtype, Tag tag1, ...)
                { return(AllocDosObject(objtype, (struct TagItem *) &tag1);
                }

     * Some functions still remain: Amiga.lib has some functions which
       are really doing valuable things and not just call a library: The
       BOOPSI functions (`DoMethod', `DoSuperMethod') the memory pool
       functions (`LibAllocPooled', `LibCreatePool', which are
       replacements of 3.0 functions). The only way to replace these is
       to get equivalents. The AmigaFAQ archive contains some of them
       (DoMethod, DoSuperMethod and HookEntry) in the `programmer'
       directory as well as the most common pragma files and some
       examples of varargs functions. See Amiga-FAQ Archive.

     ---------- Footnotes ----------

     (1)  This problem arises most frequently for owners of Aztec which
  is no longer supported and owners of Dice, which has sometimes rather
  incomplete libraries. I own both ...

  4.12 Where do I find the function xxx?
  ======================================

     If you are not sure about the name of the appropriate function for a
  certain job or in which library to find it, you can search in these
  places:
     * In the Autodocs for each library you find at the very beginning a
       contents table listing all functions available in this library.
       They are sorted alphabetically, just like in the rest of the
       Autodocs.  In the body part of the Autodocs you find complete
       explanations and specifications for each library function. See
       Includes.

     * The .FD files also offer a very compact overview over all functions
       of the diverse libraries, complete with a short information about
       the function arguments. If you already know roughly what you
       search for and e.g. only need the precise order of the arguments,
       you can find all needed information here. See Pragmas.

     Dr. Peter Kittel, [e-mail]

  4.13 The GNU C compiler: general information and installation
  =============================================================

     This chapter contains general and installation information about the
  amiga-port of the GNU C compiler gcc.

  4.13.1 Current Version
  ----------------------

     Gcc current version is now 2.6.0 and 2.6.1 is in work.  It does
  include a new version of ixemul.library, v40.3, but users are urged to
  get ixemul404.lha on Aminet site or my own FTP site, due to errors for
  68000 systems. A new library, libnix, avoid using ixemul.library.
  2.6.1 will include protos, like SAS-C, making SASC ports to GCC easier.
  A new assembler, gas-2.5 is included, a package called q_anote enables
  output of mixing C/Asm code for debugging purposes.  Work is in
  progress to implement stack growing facility, thus avoiding setting
  stack before launching gcc.

  4.13.2 Requirements
  -------------------

     Any Amiga (ranging from A1000 upto A4000/40) will run amigados-gnu
  utilities. A minimum of 4MB memory is needed in order to compile
  small/medium projects. More memory will be needed for large projects,
  such as recompiling gcc itself, or programming C++. Gigamem and VMM do
  work with GCC so *maybe* less memory will work. But in this case, an
  MMU equipped Amiga (A3000,A4000/40) is necessary.  See 68EC0xx.

     A full installation, including C++/ObjC related files, inline
  headers, cbm-headers, (see Includes) roughly requires about 20 MB of HD
  space.

     Support for 1.2/1.3 is dropped. If you have 1.2/1.3, get a better
  Kickstart version. Gcc works under KS 1.2/1.3, but the full
  functionality is only available under KS 2.x+. A fast CPU (eg.
  68030@25MHz or better) is also of help.

  4.13.3 Authors
  --------------

     Gcc and related GNU-software has been ported to the Amiga by the
  following folks: See How to get help.
           Gcc v2.2.2 port:   Markus Wild
           Gcc v2.3.3 port:   Markus Wild
           Gcc v2.4.5 port:   Philippe Brand, Lars Hecking, Fred Fish
           Gcc v2.5.0 and up: Philippe Brand, Fred Fish, Leonard Norrgard

           Ixemul.library:    Markus Wild, Leonard Norrgard, R. Luebbert
           Libnix:           Matthias Fleischer, Gunther Nikl
               Gerlib:            Gerhard Mueller

  4.13.4 Sources for Gcc
  ----------------------

     All GCC sources & binaries are available on:

    1. Aminet sites (wuarchive.wustl.edu and mirrors such as ftp.luth.se)
       in /pub/aminet/dev/gcc

    2. Ramses The Amiga Flying BBS:
                [phone]  HST Dual v32 terbo 4800-21600
                    [phone]  SupraFax v32bis    4800-14400
                    [phone]  Tornado v22bis     1200-2400
       in Topic `Development', Area `Gcc' (are 156).

     GNU source code is available on:

    1. the same FTP site you've taken the binary distribution from

    2. gnu.prep.ai.mit.edu (18.71.0.38) in `/pub/gnu'

    3. Ramses The Amiga Flying BBS in Topic
       `AmigaUnix/Unix/Linux/NetBSD', Area `Gnu Source Code'

     These archives should contain everything necessary to get you going,
  they don't include sources for ixemul.library, which are available on
  Aminet sites in `/pub/aminet/dev/gcc/ixemsrc3947.tar.gz' (as of this
  writing, work is in  progress for the v40 version of ixemul.library,
  sources will be available on an Aminet site near you).

     As stated by Richard Stallman of the FSF:

     "The GPL says that any distribution of binaries must contain either
  the source code or a written offer to supply source code (see the GPL
  for details of what is required)."

  4.13.5 Inline Headers
  ---------------------

     The inline headers for gcc can be created from the original CBM fd
  files.  See Includes. See Pragmas. They can be created as follows:

       CLI> Assign INCLUDE: GCC:os-include
       CLI> Assign FD: INCLUDE:fd
       CLI> Makedir INCLUDE:inline
       CLI> cd USR:bin/geninline
       CLI> gen31

     This will create all inline-headers in `GCC:os-include/inline'.  If
  you have 2.0 headers, use gen20 instead, if you have 3.0, use gen30.
  OS3.1 (rev 40.13) inline headers are included with the current version
  of gcc. See Current Version.

     NOTE: perl scripts do not handle correctly AmigaDOS include files,
  which seems to mean they are somewhat broken. This needs some voluntary
  work ...

     There is also another way of generating inline headers, using
  fd2inline program:

       CLI> fd2inline <fd_file> <proto_file>

  4.13.6 Amiga Libraries
  ----------------------

     Starting from this release an AmigaDOS compliant library is provided,
  thanks to libnix authors (Matthias Fleischer and Gunther Nikl).

     Anyway if you want to rebuild one, there are two methods:

     1) Using hunk2gcc; the AmigaDOS object converter made by Markus
  Wild. To achieve this, simply grab a copy of latest amiga.lib (from
  Commodore Development Kit, see Includes) and make a new directory where
  you want your converted object files to go, cd into it, and enter

           hunk2gcc amiga.lib [..further libs if you like..]

     This generates an a.out object file for every program unit present
  in the hunk file (in this case, from amiga.lib).

     As the final step convert all those files into an a.out style
  library by issuing:

           ar qc libamiga.a obj.*
           ranlib libamiga.a

     The ranlib run builds a symbol table in the archive, and makes
  accesses to the library much faster.

     2) Creating a libamiga.a library with libnix is fairly easy, but
  takes some time. Just uncompress sources.lha from libnix distribution
  and run a `make libamiga.a'.

     *Note:* As long as you make no AmigaDOS specific calls, you can
  create a dummy library using:

         cat "int dummy;" >dummy.c
         gcc -c dummy.c
         ar crv libamiga.a dummy.o
         mv libamiga.a gcc:lib

  4.13.7 Installation
  -------------------

    1. If this is your first installation of GCC:

       Do the following:

            cd place_with_lot_of_space      ; EDIT! specify one
            makedir gnu
            lha x gcc260-base.lha           ; first part, you need it

       Now you have to append `gnu/s/user-startup' to your
       `s:user-startup' (replace Devel:GNU by your own gnu path).

       Continue:

            execute gnu/s/user-startup      ; makes important assigns
            copy gnu/envarc/#? ENVARC:

       *Edit* the following lines!  If you have a 68000 or 68010 Amiga,
       remove the "-020" from the following lines wherever it appears!

            lha x gcc260-c-020.lha      ; C-compiler part; you need it
            lha x gcc260-doc.lha        ; only if you want Gcc documentation
            lha x gcc260-c++-020.lha    ; only if you want C++
            lha x gcc260-objc-020.lha   ; only if you want Objective-C
            lha x gcc260-utils.lha      ; only if you want additional utilities
                                        ; (recommended for Unix compatibility)
            lha x gcc260-utilsdoc.lha   ; if you want all utilities documentation

       You must restore links between some programs by running the script
       `restorelinks':

            sh /gnu/s/restorelinks      ; EDIT! Append a " copy" to this line
                                        ; if you don't want to use makelink
                                        ; but rather copy file

       Last part:

            lha x gcc260-diffs.lha      ; if you want to rebuild all distribution
            lha x gcc260-texi.lha       ; if you want to build Postscript doc files

       Now skip to next paragraph and happy compiling!

    2. If you "upgrade" your gcc environment from v2.5.x, just unarchive
       first 2 archives as it would normally include all what you need
       (thus gcc260-base and gcc260-c). Make sure you delete your
       previous ixemul.library wherever it is (usually LIBS:).


     *Note*:  new version of ixemul.library is provided, make sure you
  don't have another copy somewhere which may conflict with gcc.

  4.13.8 Compiling
  ----------------

     What about a nice Hello World ?

       #include <stdio.h>

       main()
       {
         printf("Hello World!\n");
       }

     This was pretty simple ;-) Now we have to compile it.  There's a lot
  of options in gcc but simplest way to compile this would be:

       CLI> gcc -o hello hello.c

     Simple ?

     Here's more options.

     Target processor for Motorola family: You can compile plain 68000
  code, 68020, 68030, 68040, 68881 (have a look at GCC documentation,
  either in info or AmigaGuide format, chapter `Invoking Gcc/SubModel
  Options/M680X0 Options for Motorola specific compilation flags').

       CLI> gcc -m68020 -m68881 -o hello hello.c

     This will compile your programs using 68020 code and direct calls to
  math-processor, and will link with accelerated libraries, located in
  `GCC:lib/lib020'.

     Optimization: Either you don't want optimization, or you can provide
  `-O', which will optimize your code, or if you really want top
  optimization, use `-O2' flag (for more discussion about optimization,
  read info or AmigaGuide doc chapter Invoking Gcc/Optimize Options).
  There's now even a `-O3' optimization option, which will go even
  further.

       CLI> gcc -O2 -o hello hello.c

     You'll never have a "Hello World" program running so fast ;-)

     Code generation: Perhaps you want to generate resident programs.
  Flag is -resident, at compile and link stage.

       CLI> gcc -resident -o hello hello.c

     Of course you can mix all options, resulting in:

       CLI> gcc -O2 -m68020 -m68881 -resident -o hello hello.c

     This will make a 68020+68881 executable highly optimized and
  resident.

     IMPORTANT: If you only use AmigaDOS functions or you don't want to
  use ixemul for philosophical reasons, you can get rid of ixemul.library
  with:

       CLI> gcc -noixemul -o foobar foobar.c

     provided you have libnix distribution (included with 2.6.0
  distribution).

  4.13.9 How to get help
  ----------------------

     The current amiga-gcc-port maintainer is available:

           Philippe BRAND
           Fidonet: Ramses The Amiga Flying BBS 2:320/104.21
           Email:   [e-mail] (ONLY for personnal email).
           Ftp:     colombo.telesys-innov.fr:/pub/amigados-gnu
                    or /pub/incoming/uploads for uploads.

     There's also an amiga-gcc mailing list running in Finland.  See
  Mailing lists.  Philippe Brand will forward all questions to that list,
  but you'd be better off using it directly ;)

  5 Applications
  **************

     This chapter offers informations about major Applications.

  5.1 Text Editors
  ================

     Text Editors are programs allowing to enter and edit unformatted
  text.  Generally, this means text that is meant to be manipulated by
  machine, rather than human. Programmers use these to enter the text for
  compilers.  Since UNIX machines don't typically have word processors,
  most text processing starts with a text editor, then is filtered
  through a page layout system (TeX, for example) to produce attractive
  paper results.

  *Commercial Products*
       CygnusEd Professional and TurboText seem to be the main contenders
       in the professional realm. The Fred Fish disks contain dozens of
       other shareware text editors. A demo version of TurboText is on
       Fish disk 445.  A very old demo of CygnusEd is on Fish disk 95
       (testament to its lasting-power). In the following some freely
       distributable editors will be discussed.

  *Emacs*
       Gnu Emacs (the "G" is not silent) comes from Unix and is probably
       the king of editors - it's huge (about 1 Megabyte), feature-packed
       (it does windows and even contains a game!) and extensible (if you
       know lisp you can write new emacs functions and bind them to any
       key combination).  On the other hand, it may be too huge, its
       feature-ladenness is imposing, and its extensibility often means
       you can't use someone else's emacs configuration. Source: Aminet
       (directory `util/gnu').

  *Vi*
       The leaner, less configurable, non-extensible cousin to gnu emacs
       is vi (pronounced "vee eye"). Unix people like vi especially
       because you find it on *any* Unix machine. What you choose is
       personal preference, and will mark you for life. Vim is a good vi
       for the amiga, and is on Fish disk 591 or in the `util/gnu'
       directory of Aminet.

  *DME*
       Many Amiga programmers like DME. It's fast, fully configurable;
       menus may be created and any key may be mapped. It's much easier
       to learn DME than than Emacs or Vi. There are three different
       versions: AmokEd, DME and XDME. It's a matter of opinion which you
       prefer. (Oberon and Modula programmers like AmokEd because it's
       written in Oberon and supports AmigaOberon error messages, C
       programmers like DME or XDME.) Sources: Aminet (directory
       `util/edit'), Fish disk 776 (XDME) and 749 (AmokEd), AMOK 90.

  5.2 What word processors are there?
  ===================================

     A word processor is the typical application for writing notes,
  letters or reports on a computer. Unless you prepare newsletters on a
  weekly basis, your word procesor is probably your workhorse program.
  Thus choosing one you are comfortable with determines how comfortable
  you are with your computer. Word processors can offer a variety of
  features, and many can approach the sophistication required for Desktop
  Publishing (see DTP) but no one uses them for programming, for which
  text editors are more suited.

     One distinguishes between Wysiwyg programs (What you see is what you
  get) and page layout languages. Wysiwyg programs should be fast,
  comfortable and easy to use. Most people prefer them. The alternative
  is an approach that works similar to compilers. You feed text files to
  a a program that produces the layout which may be previewed on screen
  or printed. LaTeX takes this approach. See TeX. Lout is another such
  system which seems smaller, easier to learn and has full documentation
  included, but it is nonstandard.  Lout produces Postscript output. (I
  don't know if this is an advantage or disadvantage. ;-) See Postscript.
  Both programs are freely distributable.

     There are a lot of wysiwyg programs, but only commercial products:
  FinalWriter, Final Copy II, Wordworth, Word Perfect, AmiWrite,
  Beckertext II, Maxon Word and many others. I don't dare to recommend
  any.  All I can say is: Give yourself time to make a selection.

  5.3 Desktop Publishing
  ======================

     These programs offer features lacking in word processors, usually
  tailored to flexible arrangement of text, but often don't provide all of
  the text manipulation that a good word processor provides. The best
  desktop publishing programs strive to provide the features of both,
  just as the best word processors strive to provide the features of
  desktop publishing programs. Microsoft Word (Mac, PC) is a good example
  of a word processing program that offers many page layout feature.
  Framemaker (UNIX, Macintosh, DOS, etc.) is an example of a desktop
  publishing system that offers most needed word processing functions. As
  yet, no Amiga program has bridged the gap, though the main word
  processors are coming close. (On the other hand, even many
  sophisticated programs don't support typesetting mathematics, tables,
  producing bibliographies, indexes, or cross-references. The page layout
  languages do, and programs like Frame are improving their support of
  such features.) Unless you need to prepare fancy newsletters or
  promotional literature, a word processing program is probably enough.
  See Word Processors.

     There are not yet any freely distributable wysiwyg desktop publishing
  systems. Commercial products are ProPage and PageStream. They have been
  playing leapfrog for the past few years. It appears that PageStream 3.0
  is about to leap ahead. A more detailed description of these products
  and their differences is welcome. Both programs' list prices are $299.
  Student discounts are available (approx 40% discount.)

  5.4 What is TeX and where can I get it?
  =======================================

     TeX is a very powerful wordprocessing system. It can display
  mathematical formulas or complex tables as well as function graphs,
  creates indices, contents and many other things. Its greatest advantage
  is that it is freely distributable (TeX, not the previewers and the
  printer drivers!) and that you find TeX all over the world on every
  computer family. Its greatest disadvantage is that it isn't very handy
  (works similar to a compiler) and it isn't wysiwyg. But many people
  like it. (BTW: This document is written using TeX. 8-) See Word
  Processors.

     There are two major implementations on the Amiga. The first one,
  Amiga-TeX, from Thomas Rockicki and Radical Eye software is commercial.
  It is said to be excellent and his owners seem to be very satisfied.
  But it costs at least 200$.

     I recommend PasTeX, a freely distributable version. People seem to
  have problems installing PasTeX, especially the font loading and
  generation (It's a quite complex program.) but I did not here anyone
  upset once it was installed. (A friend with knowledge of TeX helps
  immensely.) A few words should be said what you need:
     * 5 disks containing the TeX-compiler itself

     * 2 disks containing MetaFont

     * Nothing more Jörgen Grahn has written a short essay on how he
  personally did to make LaTeX work on his Amiga.  It's on Aminet as
  `text/tex/UsingLaTeX.lha'.

     Many people ask for fonts. They are included in the MetaFont-package
  and can get compiled by you. All you need to do is setting up your
  TeX-system in the right way which is described in the documentation.
  Please note that the PasTeX disks are compressed using the program
  Zoom. (see Endings) Sources: FTP at `ftp.uni-passau.de', directory
  `/pub/amiga/tex/PasTeX1.3' and the Fish CDs.

  5.5 Are there any Postscript interpreters?
  ==========================================

     PostScript is a programming language designed to be used to describe
  printing on pages. Apple helped make PostScript popular by selling
  printers with built in PostScript interpreters. Many programs have
  evolved to produce PostScript programs as their output, making
  PostScript the lingua franca of printing. Until recently, in order to
  print a PostScript file, you had to have a relatively expensive laser
  printer. The development that changed this was the software PostScript
  interpreter. These programs allow your computer to interpret PostScript
  programs, and produce the matrix of dots to send to your normal
  graphics printer.

     One of the benefits of PostScript is that it is resolution
  independent.  What this means is that it can support the highest
  resolution of your device - and that you can reasonably preview
  PostScript on a low resolution screen.

     There are two free PostScript interpreters for the Amiga. Post and
  Ghostscript. Post comes as an Amiga shared library along with front
  ends for previewing to the screen and printing. This structure allows
  others to write programs that can show PostScript images on screen. In
  fact, AmigaTeX uses Post's library to support incorporation of
  PostScript into documents.  Ghostscript similarly comes in two
  programs, but not as a shared library.  Ghostscript is the rendering
  engine, and Ghostview is the front end.  Sources: Aminet (directorys
  `text/print' and `text/dtp'), Fish disk 669

  Font Concepts
  =============

     The Amiga is able to use two different concepts of fonts. First of
  all   there are the bitmap fonts. These fonts are created by drawing a
  letter   pixel for pixel onto the screen. The advantage is that they
  look good at   small sizes, but are not very good for printout. Also
  they don't look   very good when you change their size. Therefore you
  have to recreate the   font for each size. Second there are the vector
  fonts. They are created by   curves which are stored as mathematical
  formula. This has the advantage   that changing the sizes does not
  effect the output. But this only applies   for larger sizes and
  print-outs. Vector fonts also use less memory.

  5.5.1 Amiga Font Formats
  ------------------------

    1. Agfa IntelliFont (suffix: .type or .lib) is the native font format
       on   the Amiga. You can use it in any application and it can be
       converted to the   standard bitmap format using the system
       utilities `IntelliFont'   (OS 3.x) or `Fountain' (OS 2.x).

    2. Postscript Type 1 fonts can be used within many applications, it
       can be   used in every word processor and DTP program. There are
       two versions of   the Type 1 format: Binary and ASCII (suffix:
       .pfb & .pfa). The Amiga   software uses the Binary format, but you
       can easily convert them with   TypeSmith or some PD software
       products (z.B. PFB2PFA) . In Addition to the   files mentioned
       above, there are the metrics files with the suffixes .afm   or
       .pfm. They contain information about the size (width) of the
       letters   and most programs expect this file to be in the same
       directory as the font   file.

    3. Postscript Type 3 fonts (suffix: .ps or nothing) are not often
       used on   the Amiga, but some applications do support this font
       format (e.g.    PageStream). There are also some download
       utilities from PD sources   available.

    4. Truetype fonts (suffix: .ttf) are not very common on the Amiga,
       there   is one word processor supporting this format (Wordworth
       3.0). Due to the   lower quality of the format, Amiga users tend
       to use higher quality for   their DTP, DTV and word processing...
       There are also two formats: Mac &   Windows available. The Amiga
       software is able to use the Windows format.

    5. DMF fonts is the privat format of PageStream (suffix: .dmf), since
        PageStream is the market leader in DTP programs on the Amiga, so
       this   format is very common!

    6. Bitmap fonts (suffix: .font and numbers in a directory by the name
       of   the font, sometimes .otag when converted from IntelliFont)
       were used in the   OS 1.x, but have been replaced by the  superior
       IntelliFont Format in OS   2.0. Under 2.0 or higher you still are
       able to use the bitmap fonts for   small sizes, but for printouts
       you should use the IntelliFont format or   any other vector font
       format mentioned above.

    7. Colour Bitmap fonts (same suffixes as Bitmap Fonts, but the
       numbers have   in addition a C, e.g. 35C) are also very common on
       the Amiga, they are   mainly used for DTV applications, like the
       Video Toaster and Scala.


  5.5.2 Frequently Requested Amiga Fonts
  --------------------------------------

    1. First place to look for fonts is the AMINET archive. This is the
       biggest     archive of Amiga software and there you will find also
       quite a lot of     fonts. The Aminet consists of many mirrors
       around the world. Here are some     of them:

         1. ftp.wustl.edu,

         2. ftp.luth.se,

         3. ftp.eunet.ch,

         4. ftp.uni-paderborn.de,

         5. ftp.doc.ic.ac.uk.

       Just log in as ftp and go to the directory

       /pub/aminet/text/font.

    2. Another good ftp server to look is the CICA-server:

         1. ftp.cica.indiana.edu


       To this server are also some mirrors around the world available.

    3. Also a good place to look for is the following WWW server:

         1. http://jasper.ora.com/Internet-Font-Archive.html


    4. Another good place is the Fresh Fonts I CD-ROM, there you will
       almost     certainly find some nice fonts. The CD is available from

         1. Fred Fish / Amiga Library Services ([e-mail])

         2. Stefan Ossowski / Schatztruhe GmbH


       The CD is for free when buying another CD from that company.

       You can also access the HTML pages on the CD under the following
       address:

         1. http://macke.gris.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de:4711/~damor/



  5.5.3 Commercial Font Sources
  -----------------------------

     Commercial fonts can be obtained from a number of different
  companies,   including the large font houses: Adobe, Font Haus, Font
  Company,   Bitstream, and Monotype. At these companies, fonts cost
  about $40 for a   single face, and must be purchased in packages.
  Adobe, Bitstream, and   Monotype also sell pre-designated type
  collections for slightly lower   prices.

     There are also a lot of PD reseller who have a vast quantity of
  fonts,   check out your local Amiga magazin for more information.

     Please consult the vendor list for a more complete list of vendors.

  5.5.4 Non-Latin fonts on the Amiga
  ----------------------------------

     Due to the really bad information policy by C= there was actually no
   information about non-latin fonts. But still it is possible to use
  them,   without difficulty. You just have to get yourself some
  additional files.    First of all you need the non-latin font files.
  There is a large selection   of them on the Fresh Fonts CD-ROM
  mentioned above. In order to use the   non-latin font files, you have
  to get yourself the appropriate keymap   file, this will remap the keys
  on the keyboard to the appropriate letters   of the foreign alphabet,
  e.g. in order to use a Russian font, you should   set the russian
  keymap file in the preferences (via PREFS/INPUT).

     Not only that you can write with a non-latin alphabet, you can also
  localize   your workbench. How about a Greek workbench or a Hebrew
  workbench? Have a   look into the AMINET archive (mentioned above) for
  these files!

     In addition to this you can easily use Hebrew & Arabic in any word
  processor   incl. writing from right-to-left! This can be easily done
  by setting the   kerning value to negative values (like this the cursor
  moves left and not   right) and moving the characters into the negativ
  part! You can get fonts   from me with this feature!

  5.5.5 Amiga Font Installation
  -----------------------------

     The installation of Postscript, DMF and Truetype fonts is described
  by the   application that use them. Please refer to the manuals of the
  software   packages.

     The installation of IntelliFonts is very easy. Just start
  `IntelliFont'   (OS 3.x) or `Fountain' (OS 2.x) and follow the
  guidelines from within   the program.

     In order to install bitmap fonts, either copy them to the logical
  device   FONTS: or assign the directory with your bitmap fonts:

         ASSIGN Fonts: <your_directory> ADD

     Right after this you can start your application and use them. When
  using   non-latin fonts, don't forget to set the appropriate keymap
  file!

  5.5.6 Amiga Font Utilities
  --------------------------

    1. IntelliFont

       IntelliFont is the system program by OS 3.x which lets you install
       Agfa   IntelliFonts and converts them to bitmap fonts. The program
       is located in   the drawer `SYS:System/'. For more information
       read your Workbench 3.x   manual.

    2. Fountain

       Is the preceding program to IntelliFont and comes with the now
       obsolete   OS 2.x. Please read the section about Fountain in your
       Workbench 2.x   manual.

    3. PFB2PFA

       This neat little utility lets you convert Postscript Binary files
       to   Postscript ASCII files. This is needed in order to use DOS &
       Amiga   Adobe Type 1 fonts on the Mac!

    4. CacheFont

       This great program caches the fontlist for you, in order to save a
       huge   amount of time. The program looks for all fonts available
       on the system   and creates a special cache-file on disk.

    5. TypeSmith

       This is the best font converter on the Amiga, besides this
       function it is   also a full blown font editor (see below) :-).
       The program is able to   convert between:

         1. Truetype

         2. DMF

         3. Adobe (Type 1 & 3)

         4. IntelliFont

         5. Bitmap (Amiga, Adobe, DMF)

  5.5.7 Making Outline Fonts
  --------------------------

     This is very, very difficult. Many people imagine that there are
  programs that will simply convert pictures into fonts for them. This is
   not the case; most fonts are painstakingly created by drawing curves
  that closely approximate the letterforms. In addition, special rules
  (which improve hinting, etc.) mandate that these curves be drawn in
  specific ways. Even designing, or merely digitizing, a simple font can
  take hundreds of hours.

     The easiest way of learning how to create fonts, is to have a look at
   existing fonts and try to change some letters.

     Given that, there are two major programs used for font design on the
   Amiga, TypeSmith 2.5 ($150) and FontDesigner ($100). These programs
  will allow you to import scanned images, and then trace them with
  drawing tools.  The programs will then generate Adobe type 1, 3,
  TrueType,   AGFA Intellifont, DMF and Bitmap fonts for either the
  Amiga, the Macintosh   or the IBM PC. They will also generate automatic
  hinting. They also open   previously constructed outline fonts,
  allowing them to be modified, or   converted into another format.

     As far as I know, there are no shareware programs that allows you to
   generate outline fonts.

     There are also two programs for creating bitmap fonts. Personal Fonts
   Maker and Calligrapher. The second one has not been updated for
  several   years, but it still is a good tool to work with. The first
  Program was   created by adding some features to a good bitmap paint
  program (Personal   Paint).

     There are some shareware tools to create bitmap fonts which you can
  convert to outline (vector) fonts with TypeSmith.

  5.5.8 Problems and Possible Solutions
  -------------------------------------

    1. Pagestream does not recognize your newly installed font.

       This happens when you have two fonts with the same ID. The
       solution is   to load such a font into a font editor and enter a
       new ID for one of the   fonts. Still it might happen that you
       choose another one, that has already   been used by!

    2. Your application does not find the IntelliFont.

       This happens when you haven't set the locigal device FONTS: to
       your drawer.    You can change this by typing the following
       command into your SHELL or add   this line to your
       `S:User-Startup' file:

              ASSIGN Fonts: <your_drawer> ADD

    3. You're using a non-latin font and the wrong characters appear when
        typing.

       This happens when you forget to set the appropriate keymap file.
       Enter   the Prefs directory and start the program `INPUT'. There
       you can   choose your keymap file.


  5.6 How to deal with Non-Latin texts?
  =====================================

     Currently I know only programs for read japanese and chinese texts.

     Siepieau Pang ([e-mail])

  5.6.1 Japanese editors and viewers
  ----------------------------------

     ANS (Amiga Nihongo System) version 1.0, produced by
           SoftHouse Tecnode
           102 Coupo Izumi
           1-4-5 Houya-shi
           Izumi-machi
           Tokyo 202
           JAPAN

  and distributed in Japan by MIQ Japan, Ltd. has been released in Japan.
  It offers a Japanese environment for Commodore Amiga users, is
  compatible with Amiga DOS 2.0 (works fine with version 1.3, too), and
  requires at least 1MB RAM (more recommended). ANS features Japanese
  windows/menus (these replace the English menus), 12 and 24 dot-matrix
  Japanese fonts, Jinput/Joutput (both constitute a Japanese front-end
  processor), XEDmini (a simple Japanese text editor with built-in font
  editor, and can be used as a Japanese terminal), a kana-to-kanji
  conversion dictionary for XEDmini and Jinput, Jfilter (for viewing
  Japanese files while connected to an MS-DOS console), and utilities for
  Japanese code conversion and communication. Note that XEDmini uses pcj
  (Japanese version of pcd) for communications, and that one can do binary
  uploads/downloads while working on files). I hear that it is reasonably
  priced, and very easy to use.

     JemTeX is a preprocessor that turns a Japanese text file (i.e., a
  TeX file with Japanese text) into a standard (La/Mu)TeX file.  The
  archive (zipped) comes with the jis2mf utility along with a 24-dot
  bitmapped kanji font and a program for generating kanji tables. With
  jis2mf you can make metafont files out of the bitmapped font. JemTeX
  v2.0 will compile on an Amiga using SAS/C, or on a UNIX machine using
  gcc. This program is available at the FTP site utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
  (133.11.11.11). JemTeX v2.0 was written by Francois Jalbert
  ([e-mail] or [e-mail]).

     The following are PD viewers on Aminet (text/show directory)

     JIStoJi by Bart Mathias automatically identifies electronic texts
  written in Old-JIS, New-JIS, Shift-JIS, or EUC-JIS (as well as ASCII)
  and displays them on screen, or prints them to dot-matrix printers.
  Will run on Kickstart 1.3 and up.

     jmore (Japanese more) is basically a more clone that also reads
  ns-kanji (Shift-JIS) text. It opens its own hires interlaced screen and
  requires a font handler called jFontSys to be running. The archive
  includes jmore, jFontsys and the wlook/16 bitmap font.  However, you
  will also need the kanji fonts. (Aminet, `text/font/amknj16.lzh') All
  the documentation comes as Japanese text, so you need a JIS viewer to
  read the installation instructions. For your convenience, I have
  summarized the installation procedure below:
    1. Place the `wlook/16' font in your `FONTS:' directory

    2. Assign `JFONTS:' to where you unarchive the amknj16 fonts. This
       need not be the same as your `FONTS:' directory

    3. Place the file `jFont-startup' in the `S:' directory

    4. Insert the following line into your `startup-sequence':
                run >nil: jFontSys

    5. To use execute the following command
                jmore <japanese.txt>

  JISconvert by Dwight Hubbard is a japanese text conversion utility for
  Amiga computers. It supports conversion between EUC, New JIS, Old JIS,
  NEC JIS and Shift JIS. It also has options to convert half-size
  katakana to full size and repair files with ESC characters stripped. No
  installation required. Requires AmigaDOS 2.04 or newer.

  5.6.2 Chinese text viewers
  --------------------------

     HZview (by Ji Ma) shows 8-bit Guo Biao encoded chinese text
  documents. Requires AmigaDOS v2.1 and above, and cclib.16 bitmap
  library (included).

     *NOTE*: This is a pre-release version. What the doc file does not
  tell you is that you need to do the following:
    1. Open a default public hires interlaced 1 or 2-bit deep screen

    2. The size of the file to be read is restricted to about 30K (on my
       machine, A1200, WB3.0)

    3. An FPU is required if you want to scroll the text without crashing

    4. The cclib.16 should be in the same directory as the file to be read

  Other small bugs still exist which may crash the machine.

  6 Connecting your Amiga to the world
  ************************************

  7 Emulators
  ***********

     What? The Amiga isn't good enough? You really want it to be another
  machine?  Well, look here...

  7.1 Can I run Unix on my Amiga?
  ===============================

     Actually there are three Unix versions on the Amiga. All of them
  need at least 68030 (see 68EC0xx), probably a 68040 in the near future
  and seem to have problems with many hard-drive-controllers. You should
  have a good look into the documentation before installing it. Unix
  needs much resources, say at least 10Mb RAM and a 150Mb Unix-partition
  on the hard-drive.

    1. Commodore offered a System V Unix in the past. It contained TCP/IP,
       X11 and other software and seemed to make a good job, but it was
       expensive and after all Commodore has dropped developing it.
       Commodore-Unix needs a streamer because it is distributed on tapes.

    2. A Linux port is prepared. But actually there is not very much than
       the kernel. Specialists might like to use it, but it cannot be
       recommended for now. Linux is freely distributable. Sources:
       `ftp.tsx-11.mit.edu' or `ftp.uni-erlangen.de', both directory
       `/pub/Linux/MIRROR.tsx-11/680x0'.  Or `ftp.leo.org', directory
       `/pub/comp/os/linux/680x0'.

    3. NetBSD is freely distributable too. Like Linux it isn't ready for
       now, but it seems to make big steps. Most GNU software is said to
       run, especially emacs and gcc. I think it's worth to have a look
       on it. Sources: `ftp.uni-erlangen.de', Directory
       `/pub/amiga/unix/NetBSD-regensburg'.  See Fish CD.


  7.2 Is it possible to use the Amiga as X11 terminal?
  ====================================================

     Yes, it is. There are three different packages available:

     GfxBase offers a commercial version which is said to be excellent,
  but expensive. The distribution includes different window managers and
  clients.  A demo version is on Aminet. (`gfx/x11/GfxBase-X11-Demo.lha')

     AmiWin is a Shareware X11R6 product supporting AmiTCP, AS225 and
  different graphic cards. A demo version is available on Aminet,
  `gfx/x11/AmiWin*.lha'.

     DaggeX is freely distributable and probably not finished yet. (It
  calls itself version 0.91.) Source: Aminet, `gfx/x11/DaggeX-0.91.lha'
  and `gfx/x11/twm_930531.lha'.

  7.3 Is there a way to start MS-Dos programs?
  ============================================

     PC-Task is a software only IBM-PC emulator for all Amiga computers
  allowing use of MSDOS and MS Windows 3.1 software (provided RAM/HD
  space is sufficient).  The current release is 3.1 which includes
  emulation of 80286 with MDA/CGA/EGA/VGA/SVGA, serial and parallel
  ports, mouse, two harddrives, two floppies and CDROM support.  A
  demonstration version can be obtained from aminet sites:
  `/pub/aminet/misc/emu/PCTaskDemo31.lzh'.  Author Chris Hames
  ([e-mail]) Publisher ([e-mail])

  7.4 How to mount MsDos-formatted Syquests on Amiga
  ==================================================

     To mount a MSDos-formatted Syquest on Amiga, you need with an (DOSen)
  Adaptec-Controller the following Mount-entry in `DEVS:Mountlist': If
  your medium does have more than one partition, you need to copy the
  following Mount-Entry for every partition and give each partition
  another name (eg. SyC:, SyD:, SyE:, etc.) You don't need to change
  LowCyl and HighCyl for each partition; CrossDOSFileSystem does that
  automatically.

       SyC:   /* SyD:, SyE:, etc. */
               Filesystem      = L:CrossDOSFileSystem
               Device          = scsi.device
               Unit            = 2
               Flags           = 1
               Surfaces        = 1
               BlocksPerTrack  = 1
               BlockSize       = 512
               Reserved        = 1
               Interleave      = 0
               LowCyl          = 0
               HighCyl         = 524287
               Buffers         = 128
               BufMemType      = 0
               Stacksize       = 4000
               Priority        = 5
               GlobVec         = -1
               DosType         = 0x4D534800
               Activate        = 1
       #

     For different (DOSen) controllers this entry should work, too, but
  maybe you have to adjust it. When inserted, the Syquest-270MB medium is
  (in this case) automatically mounted (as drive SyC:) and can be used
  with help of the CrossDOS-Filesystem as usual.

     Gerhard Schneider ([e-mail]) Andre Keller
  ([e-mail])

  8 Miscellaneous
  ***************

     This last chapter contains some questions that don't fit in the
  chapters above.

  8.1 Is there any unix version of LhA?
  =====================================

     See Endings.

  8.2 What are files ending with ...?
  ===================================

     Most endings on FTP sites or Fish disks tell you that the file is
  compressed and/or is an archive containing more than one file. Some
  programs even archive whole disks. Frequently found endings and
  programs to handle the related files are:
  *.sfx*
       Compressed archives which are included in an executable program:
       Just call the program and it will extract itself (sfx = self
       extract)

  *.lha*
  *.lzh*
       Compressed archives; recommended: LhA (`util/arc/LhA_e138.run' on
       Aminet  or Fish disk 715) or Lx (`util/arc/lx100.lha' on Aminet),
       Unix version available (`misc/unix/lha-1.00.tar.Z')

  *.dms*
       Disks compressed using DMS (`util/arc/dms111.sfx' on Aminet or
       Fish disk 406)

  *.zom*
       Disks compressed using Zoom (`util/arc/Zoom_5.4.lha' on Aminet,
       Fish disk 682); an older version which you probably need for
       uncompressing PasTeX is found on Fish disk 459.

  *.zoo*
       Compressed archive; recommended: Zoo (`util/arc/zpp2-10.lzh' on
       Aminet or Fish disk 527)

  *.Z*
  *.z*
  *.gz*
       Compressed files; recommended gzip (`util/pack/gzip124x.lha' on
       Aminet), note that this are Unix files in most cases

  *.tar*
       Acrhive; recommended: tar (`util/arc/tar.lha' or
       `util/arc/gtar10.lha' on Aminet or Fish disk 445), note that tar is
       a Unix archiver and you often find soething like `.tar.Z'.

  *.arj*
       Compressed archive; recommended unarj (`util/arc/unarj-0.5.lha' on
       Aminet)

  *.zip*
       Compressed archive; recommended UnZip (`util/arc/unzip-5.1.lha' on
       Aminet), note that this are MS-Dos archives in most cases

  8.3 Is there a Stacker-like utility to pack my hard drive?
  ==========================================================

     XFH does a good job. It operates as a handler and uses the
  XPK-libraries, so you have different compression modes (RAKE is a good
  choice) and possibly even more in the future. The only disadvantage is,
  that the size of a file is limited by RAM: Don't use it with less than
  2MB of RAM.

     XPKDisk by Olaf 'Rhialto' Seibert is another stacker program that
  takes advantage of the variety of XPK libraries available. Unlike other
  harddisk compressors it does not compress the files, but creates a
  pseudo partition and stores the whole tracks as compressed files on
  your harddisk. Its major advantage is that it does not limit the
  maximum file size, because it works similar to trackdisk.device and
  therefore does not need too much temporary storage.

     But be careful if you want to use ReOrg on a comprimized partition:
  ReOrg should be set to leave enough memory for the xpkdisk buffers.
  And because of ReOrgs buffering, you can use few buffers for xpkdisk
  (perhaps as few as 2 or 3). Don't use ReOrg if you don't know the
  memory needs of XFH or XPKDisk.

     Another possibility is EPU. It's shareware and should offer the same
  as XFH, but without limiting the file size.

     Sources: Aminet, directory `util/pack', Fish disks 754 (XFH) and 858
  (EPU)

  8.4 Where do I get Fish disk xxx?
  =================================

     Those FTP servers have that much space (or a CD-Rom) to have all
  fish disks available online:
       ftp.isca.uiowa.edu      (USA, directory `/amiga/fx/fxxx')
       ftp.hawaii.edu          (USA, directory `/pub/amiga/fish')
       ftp.funet.fi            (Finland, directory `/pub/amiga/fish')

  Note that the CD-Rom's are not always mounted. See FTP.

     Another possibility would be to ask your local dealer. :-)

  9 Where and how do I get software and other informations?
  *********************************************************

     Three questions arise in this context: Which programs can be found,
  where are they and how to get them and transfer them home?

  9.1 Files and databases on freely distributable software
  ========================================================

     Of course you need to know where you find things. Many good choices
  are listed in this paper, as I hope. Other sources are:

  *AmigaSciSchool*
       is a list of software and where you find it in Ascii format. It is
       posted monthly to the newsgroups `comp.sys.amiga.applications',
       `comp.unix.amiga', and `news.answers'. Additionally you will find
       it on Aminet sites (`text/doc/AmigaSciSchool-4.01'). It handles
       everything listed here and many more, for example GNU software,
       libraries (linked and shared), shells, Unix commands, educational
       and scientific software and much more.

  *FishCon*
       are lists of the Fish disk contents. (`fish/doc/fishcon-???.lzh' on
       Aminet)

  *FishXref*
       is a cross reference list of the Fish contents.
       (`fish/doc/fishxref-???.lzh' on Aminet) FishXref and Fishcon are in
       Ascii format.

  *KingFisher*
       A Fish disk database, (`fish/doc/Kingfisher1_30.lha', which is the
       program and `fish/doc/KFData850.lha' ,which contains the data, on
       Aminet or Fish disk 863) allows search by name and context. See
       Fish.

  9.2 A collection of tests
  =========================

     `Comp.sys.amiga.reviews' is a moderated newsgroup where tests of
  soft- and hardware, books and anything else relevant to the Amiga are
  posted. Its always a good idea to check this newsgroup for a review, if
  you are interested in something special. Of course you always find only
  the latest reviews, but the older postings are available per FTP from
  `math.uh.edu', Directory `/pub/Amiga/comp.sys.amiga.reviews' or on the
  Fish CDs.

  9.3 Getting files from a FTP server
  ===================================

     Things are easy for those who have access to the Internet and a
  program called FTP (File Transfer Program). Nearly all Unix computers
  have it, but not all of them allow the use of FTP.

     FTP allows you to gain access to some other machines and store and/or
  retrieve files. Normally one needs an acoount on the remote machine to
  use it, bat a number of machines have a setup that allows everybody to
  log in as the user `ftp' or `anonymous', so anybody may get files from
  them. The most important of this servers are the Aminet servers, which
  mirror each other and hence should have the same files. They are the
  best choice if you are looking for Amiga software. Aminet hosts are
       Land         Name                     IP Adresse      Pfad         Files

       USA (MO)     ftp.wustl.edu            128.252.135.4   pub/aminet/    ALL
       USA (CA)     ftp.cdrom.com            192.216.222.5   pub/aminet/   9000
       USA (TX)     ftp.etsu.edu             192.43.199.20   pub/aminet/   5000
       USA (WI)     ftp.netnet.net           198.70.64.3     pub/aminet/  10000
       Scandinavia  ftp.luth.se              130.240.18.2    pub/aminet/  10000
       Switzerland  ftp.eunet.ch             146.228.10.16   pub/aminet/   5500
       Switzerland  ftp.math.ethz.ch         129.132.104.6   pub/aminet/   1000
       Switzerland  litamiga.epfl.ch         128.178.151.32  pub/aminet/    300
       Germany      kelly.uni-paderborn.de   131.234.128.206 pub/aminet/    ALL
       Germany      ftp.uni-paderborn.de     131.234.2.42    pub/aminet/    ALL
       Germany      ftp.uni-stuttgart.de     129.69.18.15    aminet/       4500
       Germany      ftp.uni-erlangen.de      131.188.3.2     pub/aminet/   7000
       Germany      ftp.cs.tu-berlin.de      130.149.17.7    pub/aminet/   4000
       Germany      ftp.tu-chemnitz.de       192.108.33.193  pub/aminet/   4000
       Germany      ftp.fh-augsburg.de       141.82.16.242   pub/aminet/
       Germany      ftp.uni-bremen.de        134.102.228.2   pub/aminet/
       Germany      ftp.uni-oldenburg.de     134.106.40.9    pub/aminet/   2500
       Germany      ftp.uni-kl.de            131.246.9.95    pub/aminet/   1500
       Germany      ftp.uni-trier.de         136.199.8.81    pub/aminet/
       Germany      ftp.uni-siegen.de        141.99.128.1    pub/aminet/   1500
       Germany      ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de 137.226.225.3  pub/aminet/
       Germany      ftp.stud.fh-heilbronn.de 141.7.1.41      pub/aminet/    600
       Germany      ftp.rz.uni-wuerzburg.de  132.187.1.2     pub/aminet/    700
       France       ftp.cnam.fr              163.173.128.15  pub/aminet/
       Portugal     ftp.ci.ua.pt             193.136.80.6    pub/aminet/
       UK           ftp.doc.ic.ac.uk         155.198.1.40    pub/aminet/    ALL
       UK           micros.hensa.ac.uk       148.88.8.84     pub/aminet/   8500
     All these mirrors have a directory `/pub/aminet', where you will find
  much stuff. Please use a mirror close to you! Some other important hosts
  are
       ftp.funet.fi             (Finland)
       ftp.isca.uiowa.edu       (USA)
       ftp.hawaii.edu           (USA)
       ftp.cso.uiuc.edu         (USA)
       ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de   (Germany)
     Note that grind, aachen and erlangen have the full collection of Fish
  disks available! See Fish disk xxx.  If you don't find a specific file
  on your local mirror, try `ftp.wustl.edu', `ftp.uni-paderborn.de' or
  `ftp.doc.ic.ac.uk'; they keep all files.

     To connect to a special host (ftp.uni-erlangen.de for example), you
  should type
       ftp ftp.uni-erlangen.de

  The host answers by requesting your login. You should type
       ftp

  No you are asked for a password. Please type your Email address here, if
  you have one. If not, use the password ftp.

     Now you're inside the host. There is a number of commands you may
  execute here. The most important are:
  *?*
       Prints the help text of the FTP command. Additionally you may type
       *? command* to get information on a special command.

  *bin*
       Tells the FTP program that you whish to transfer binary files. It
       is always a good choice to type bin as the very first command!
       Files you load without the bin command can be corrupt.

  *get <file>*
       Loads the given file from the host. On most Unix machines you can
       type something like `get file.txt -' or `get file.txt |more' to
       show a text on the screen. Note that there *must not* be any blank
       between the | and the word more!

  *mget <pat>*
       Loads the given files. pat may contain Unix style like wildcards.

  *put <file>*
  *mput <pat>*
       Like get and mget, but transfer files from you to the remote host.
       This is in most cases not allowed, except for a special directory
       called `incoming'. You can place files here which you want to make
       public.

  *cd <dir>*
       Like the usual cd command. The commands get, mget, put, mput, dir
       and ls refer to the current working directory.

  *dir [<dir>]*
  *ls [<dir>]*
       Like `list' and `dir' on the Amiga. Note that the FTP-dir
       corresponds to the Amiga-list!

  *bye*
       Leaves the FTP program.

     When you have used FTP for the first times you will notice, that you
  always begin with executing the same steps:
    1. Type the login (ftp in most cases)

    2. Type the password (your mail address in most cases)

    3. Enter the bin command

    4. Change the current working directory (`/pub/aminet' for example)
          This may get executed automatically. What you need is a file
  called `.netrc' in your home directory. Note that it needs to be
  protected against others! The FTP program doesn't use it, if it can be
  read by anything else than you. (Protection is set using the command
  `chmod go-rwx .netrc'.) The .netrc file contains some entries for your
  most favourite FTP sites, each separated by empy lines. A typicel entry
  may look like this:
       machine ftp.uni-erlangen.de
       login ftp
       password <your mail address> or <ftp>
       macdef init
           bin
           cd pub/aminet
     Note that on some machines it is possible to use the machine name
  `default' which meets all machines not listed in .netrc.

  9.4 Getting files from a Mail server
  ====================================

     Another way to get files is to use a mail server. This assumes that
  you can send mail to Internet addresses and get mail from Internet
  hosts. It works by sending a mail to the server specifying some
  commands, for example send commands for the files you want. Important
  mail servers are
       [e-mail]
       [e-mail]
       [e-mail]
       [e-mail]
       [e-mail]
       [e-mail]
       [e-mail]

  The most important commands are:
  *Help*
       Tells the server that you wish to get an Ascii file containing
       detailed explanation how to use the server.

  *Limit <number>*
       Specifys that you wish to get not more than <number> Kbytes per
       mail.  Larger files get splitted into small pieces of at most
       <number> Kbytes which are sent as separate mails each. Note that
       the mails may get larger because of overhead.

  *Cwd <dir>*
       Sets the current working directory to <dir>. This directory is
       used by the commands send and dir.

  *Index*
       will return a list of files and/or directories that the server
       offers. Note that this may be *very* large!

  *Index <item>*
       returns a list of files containing <item> in their names.

  *Dir [<dir>]*
       returns a list of the files and directories in the given directory.

  *Send <file1> <file2> ... <fileN>*
       Tells the server to send the given files to you.

  *Begin*
       Tells the server to ignore all lines above this command.

  *End*
       Like Begin, but specifies to ignore the lines below. (A signature
       for example!) A typical session would be to send the following
  mail to the mail server:
       BEGIN
       CD /pub/aminet/util/arc
       SEND LhA_e138.run
       END

  9.5 Getting files from a mailbox
  ================================

     You also can get files from one of the many BBS's (`Bulletin Board
  System').  Most of these are driven by private users, so there is
  nearly everywhere a mailbox which doesn't cause a too expensive
  telephone bill.

     I want to publish a list of all Amiga mailboxes here.  So please
  send to me a list of all mailboxes which are related to the Amiga - in
  any way.  I need all telephone numbers of the boxes and their name.
  Tell me the nation where the box resides and - if possible - some more
  info (Does the box have Aminet or the Fish PD or FRAS?  Is the box
  especially for Amiga users?)

     Thanks, Ignaz Kellerer

     For a list of mailboxes in Germany or Austria or Switzerland, look
  at the German version of the AmigaFAQ.

  9.6 The Fish PD series
  ======================

     A very good source is the Fish PD series. One distinguishes between
  the floppy disks and the CD-Roms.

  9.6.1 The Amiga Library disks
  -----------------------------

     Fred Fish has started in the middle eighties to collect freely
  distributable software on floppy disks. There are 1000 disks and very
  much good stuff on it.  Most Amiga dealers sell them and most magazines
  contain addresses of people mailing them to you for about 3$ per disk
  or less.  Fred Fish has terminated offering software on floppy disks.
  Instead, there is a dealer who offers the new software from the CD-Roms
  on floppy disks.

     There are some things which can be found on the Fish disks, but not
  on Aminet.  However, you can get them with FTP. See Fish disk xxx.

  9.6.2 The Fresh Fish CD-Roms
  ----------------------------

     Fred Fish is going on to offer freely distributable software. But
  now he collects it on CD-Rom's. He releases two different kinds of CD's:
    1. Monthly released disks are divided into roughly three sections:
         1. New material, which includes the material from the new
            unreleased floppy disks as well as material which does not
            appear in the floppy distribution, about 84Mb on the first
            disk.

         2. Useful utilities that can be used directly off the CD-ROM if
            desired, thus freeing up the corresponding amount of hard
            disk space (GNU Emacs, Gnu C, GNU C++, Amiga E, PasTeX,
            AmigaGuide, Installer, 2.0 and 3.0-Includes, different
            archivers, tape drivers, the AmiCDROM filesystem and many
            other GNU and BSD tools, ...), about 150Mb on the first disk.

         3. Older material from previous released floppy disks or
            CD-ROM's, about 404 Mb on the first disk. (Fish disk 600-910)

    2. Disks containing the latest software as well as recent software in
       packed format only. (These are intended to be used for example in
       BBS's.)
          I recommend especially the first kind of Fish CD's. They cost
  about 20$ plus 3$ for shipping (5$ outside USA/Canada/Mexico) and are
  available from

       Amiga Library Services
       610 N. Alma School Road, Suite 18
       Chandler, AZ 85224-3687
       U.S.A.

       Phone/FAX: [phone]

  9.7 How do I Read and write MS-Dos disks?
  =========================================

     No problem for owners of Workbench 2.1 or higher: The program
  CrossDos is part of the Workbench. All you have to do is mounting the
  device `pc0:' by putting it into the drawer `Devs:DOSDrivers' or by
  double-clicking the icon in `Sys:Storage/DOSDrivers'. Ms-Dos disks in
  drive `df0:' can now be handled in the usual manner replacing the word
  `df0:' by `pc0:'. For example the directory can be shown with the
  command dir pc0:.

     People still running Workbench 2.0 or lower need a program called
  `MSH'.  You will find this on the Aminet (directory misc/emu) and on
  Fish disk 382.  See Sources. After editing the file `devs:MountList' as
  described in the documentation you have to say Mount msh: in the CLI
  and can now do the same as above replacing the word `pc0:' with `msh:'.

  9.8 How do I split large files?
  ===============================

     There are some archives which are too large to fit on one disk. To
  transfer them on disks you need to split them into smaller pieces and
  transfer each part on a separate disk. I recommend Martin Schlodder's
  `Splitter'.  (Aminet, `util/misc/splitter_121.lha'. The archive
  contains binaries for MS-DOS and should be compilable without problems
  on any Unix system.

  9.9 Discussing things
  =====================

     A mailing list is a server that allows to discuss special things via
  Email. The server holds a list of people that are interested in the
  respective topic. For example, the gcc mailing list will discuss bugs,
  new features and other problems of gcc. (see Compilers) If a mail is
  sent to the server from someone he will forward this mail to all the
  other people on the list.

     You will be added to the list by sending a mail to the server which
  will usually contain the word `Subscribe' or something similar. Once you
  are no more interested in the mailing list you can unsubscribe.

     Unforunately the servers have a different syntax of subscribing and
  unsubscribing. The best way to find how to subscribe is to send a mail
  with the word `Help' to the server. He will reply a mail which should
  explain how to handle this special server.

     Some mailing lists are:
       Topic           Server

       Amok            [e-mail]
       Dice            [e-mail]         or
                       [e-mail] (Germany)
       gcc             [e-mail]
       Lisp            [e-mail]
       Mui             [e-mail]
       Oberon-A        [e-mail]

  9.10 Other FAQ's
  ================

     This is not the only FAQ, of course. Lots of FAQ's are available
  either by being posted to newsgroups or by access via FTP.

  *German Amiga-FAQ*
       This is the german translation of the AmigaFAQ you are reading.
       Newsgroups: de.comp.sys.amiga.misc,
       zer.z-netz.rechner.amiga.allgemein HTML:
       `http://www.leo.org/archiv/amiga/misc/amigafaq/' Aminet:
       `docs/misc/AmigaFAQg.lha' Maintainer: Ignaz Kellerer,
       [e-mail]

  *Amiga related books FAQ*
       This is a list of books for the Amiga, including short discussions,
       prices and sources. Newsgroups: comp.sys.amiga.misc,
       comp.sys.amiga.introduction, comp.sys.amiga.programmer (monthly)
       HTML: `http://eksl-www.cs.umass.edu/~atkin/amiga/books.faq.html'
       Ftp: rtfm.mit.edu, `pub/usenet/comp.sys.amiga.misc'.  Maintainer:
       Marc Atkin, [e-mail]

  *AmiTCP/IP FAQ*
       This is for users of AmiTCP/IP, a set of programs which allows to
       include an Amiga into a TCP/IP network. (Most well known nets,
       Internet for example use TCP/IP.) Newsgroups: comp.sys.amiga.misc,
       comp.sys.amiga.datacomm, comp.sys.amiga.networking (biweekly) Ftp:
       rtfm.mit.edu, pub/usenet/comp.sys.amiga.networking Maintainer:
       Neil J. McRae ([e-mail])

  *Amiga Networking FAQ*
       Unlike the AmiTCP/IP FAQ this one wants to cover all aspects of
       networking, including TCP/IP and Envoy.  Newsgroups:
       comp.sys.amiga.datacomm, comp.sys.amiga.hardware Ftp:
       rtfm.mit.edu, pub/usenet/comp.sys.amiga.networking Maintainer:
       Richard Norman ([e-mail])

  *Point Manager FAQ*
       Networking seems to be quite a problem: This FAQ os for Point
       Manager, a FidoNet-client (so-called points).  Newsgroups:
       comp.sys.amiga.datacomm Ftp: rtfm.mit.edu,
       pub/usenet/comp.sys.amiga.datacomm Maintainer: Eric Krieger
       ([e-mail])

  *All about FTP*
       Explains the usage of the file transfer program FTP. See FTP.
       Newsgroups: comp.sys.amiga.misc (monthly) Ftp: Aminet, info/start
       Betreuer: Urban Dominik Mueller ([e-mail])

  The Amiga-FAQ archive
  *********************

     The Amiga-FAQ is available in different formats: Ascii format (which
  is posted to the nets) AmigaGuide format (which is the adequate format
  on the Amiga) and in dvi format (to be printed). Additionally there is
  some stuff, that might be useful or interesting, but could not be
  included into the Amiga-FAQ:
       txt/amiga.history       On the Amiga's history
       txt/story.txt           The Commodore story (or: the Tramiel
                               story ;-)
       txt/amiga.newsgroups    Overview on comp.sys.amiga.*
       txt/amiga.sites         List of FTP sites
       txt/AmigaOverview.tex   A short overview on the Amiga-Soft- and
                               Hardware
       txt/Hardware.tips       For those people who can't live without solder
       src/JWSplit.c           The source of a file splitter
       src/JWJoin.c            The opponent to JWSplit
       src/addtoc.c            Utility to add a toc to texinfo-created docs
                               (this document uses it)
       programmers/*           Some stuff for programmers: pragmas, vararg
                               versions of some tag functions and some
                               amiga.lib functions (HookEntry, DoMethod)

     I decided to collect these in the Amiga-FAQ archive. It is called
  AmigaFAQ.lha and can be found on Aminet, directory `docs/misc'.

  Contributions
  *************

     This FAQ can neither get useful nor hit further development without
  your help. Suggestions, contributions, new answers, critics, anything
  is rather welcome.

     Please note, that very major subjects are absolutely missing yet:
  Nothing about sound, nothing on graphic cards, no Animation. These are
  some of the Amiga's best points! But I don't know them ... :-(

     So grab your keyboard (Your pencil? Well, if there's no other way...)
  and send mail to:

             Ignaz Kellerer
             Georg-Habel-Str. 11
       81241 Munich (Germany)
             Tel. (+49) 089 / 885147

             Internet: [e-mail]

  Credits
  *******

     My thanks go to:
  *Reinhard Spisser and Sebastiano Vigna*
       for the Amiga version of texinfo. This is written with it.

  *The Free Software Foundation*
       for the original version of texinfo and many other excellent
       programs.

  *Dylan McNamee*
       for contributing the sections on Editors, Word Processors, DTP and
       Postscript and some wording fixes.

  *Joseph Luk*
       for help in the section on chunky/planar, double buffering and
       PAL/NTSC

  *Urban Dominik Mueller*
       for the FAQ on FTP and Mail-servers.

  *Lars Hecking ([e-mail])*
  *Philippe Brand ([e-mail])*
       for the complete gcc part

  *Jochen Wiedmann ([e-mail])*
       for the composition and posting of the Amiga FAQ until July 1994.

  Index
  *****



   . (replacement)                        Dot-Replacement
   .arj                                   Endings
   .dms                                   Endings
   .gz                                    Endings
   .lha                                   Endings
   .lzh                                   Endings
   .netrc                                 FTP
   .sfx                                   Endings
   .tar                                   Endings
   .z                                     Endings
   .Z                                     Endings
   .zip                                   Endings
   .zom                                   Endings
   .zoo                                   Endings
   68EC020                                68EC0xx
   68EC030                                68EC0xx
   68LC040                                68EC0xx
   A1200 (HD)                             A1200-HD
   AmiBooksFAQ                            FAQs
   Amiga Library disks                    Fish floppy disks
   Amiga networking FAQ                   FAQs
   Amiga-FAQ archive                      Amiga-FAQ Archive
   AmigaBasic                             AmigaBasic
   AmigaSciSchool                         Infos
   Aminet                                 FTP
   AmiTCP/IP FAQ                          FAQs
   Anonymous                              FTP
   ANS                                    Japanese
   ARexx                                  ARexx
   Assemblers                             Compilers
   AutoDocs                               Includes
   Basic                                  Compilers
   BBS                                    Mailbox
   C                                      Compilers
   C++                                    Compilers
   C-program (gcc)                        Compiling
   Catalog description                    Localizing
   Catalog translation                    Localizing
   Catalogs                               Localizing
   CatComp                                Localizing
   CATS                                   CATS
   Chunky displays                        Chunky vs. Planar
   Commodore, Frankfurt                   Developer
   Commodore, West Chester                CATS
   comp.sys.amiga.reviews                 Reviews
   Compilers                              Compilers
   Console window                         WindowPtr
   Contributions                          Contributions
   Credits                                Credits
   CrossDos                               MS-Dos disks
   Current directory                      Dot-Replacement
   DaggeX                                 X11
   Desktop Publishing                     DTP
   Developer                              Developer
   DoMethod                               Missing functions
   DoSuperMethod                          Missing functions
   Doublebuffering                        Doublebuffering
   DTP                                    DTP
   Editors                                Editors
   Emulators                              Emulators
   endings                                Endings
   Enforcer                               68EC0xx
   Esc sequences                          Printer control
   FAQ's, others                          FAQs
   FD-files                               Pragmas
   fd2pragma                              Pragmas
   file endings                           Endings
   Fish CD-Rom                            Fish CD
   Fish disks                             Fish disk xxx
   Fish floppy disks                      Fish floppy disks
   Fish PD                                Fish
   FishCon                                Infos
   FishXref                               Infos
   FlexCat                                Localizing
   Forth                                  Compilers
   Fortran                                Compilers
   FPU                                    FPU
   Fresh Fish CD-Rom                      Fish CD
   FTP servers                            FTP
   GadTools                               MUI
   Gcc                                    The GNU C compiler
   gcc-amiga-libraries                    Amiga Libraries
   gcc-authors                            Authors
   gcc-compiling                          Compiling
   gcc-current                            Current Version
   gcc-how-to-get-help                    How to get help
   gcc-inline-headers                     Inline Headers
   gcc-installation                       Installation
   gcc-requirements                       Requirements
   gcc-sources                            Sources for Gcc
   GfxBase                                X11
   GigaMem                                68EC0xx
   Graphics                               Graphics
   GUI                                    Workbench
   Guo Biao                               Chinese
   HD (A1200)                             A1200-HD
   HD compression                         HD-Compression
   Hirsch & Wolf                          CATS
   history                                Amiga-FAQ Archive
   HookEntry                              Missing functions
   HZview                                 Chinese
   IBM emulator                           IBM-compatibles
   Icons                                  Icons
   Includes                               Includes
   JemTeX                                 Japanese
   JIStoJi                                Japanese
   jmore                                  Japanese
   Kanji                                  Japanese
   KingFisher                             Infos
   KitCat                                 Localizing
   LibAllocPooled                         Missing functions
   Linux                                  Unix
   Lisp                                   Compilers
   locale.library                         Localizing
   Localizing                             Localizing
   MagicWB                                Icons
   Mail-server                            Mail
   mailbox                                Mailbox
   Mailing lists                          Mailing lists
   MakeCat                                Localizing
   Memory, virtual                        68EC0xx
   Missing functions                      Missing functions
   MMU                                    68EC0xx
   Modula-2                               Compilers
   Monitors                               Monitors
   MS-Dos (emulator)                      IBM-compatibles
   MS-Dos (Syquest)                       MsDos-Syquest
   MS-Dos disks                           MS-Dos disks
   Msh                                    MS-Dos disks
   MUI                                    MUI
   Multiscan                              Monitors
   MWB                                    Icons
   NDA                                    Developer
   NDK                                    Includes
   NDU                                    Includes
   NDUK                                   Includes
   NetBSD                                 Unix
   NewIcons                               Icons
   NTSC                                   PAL-NTSC
   Oberon                                 Compilers
   Oberon-A                               Compilers
   packers                                Endings
   packers on Unix                        Endings
   Page Layout Languages                  Word Processors
   PAL                                    PAL-NTSC
   Pascal                                 Compilers
   Pipe (command)                         Pipe command
   PIPE:                                  Pipe
   Planar displays                        Chunky vs. Planar
   Point manager FAQ                      FAQs
   Postscript                             Postscript
   pragmas                                Pragmas
   Printer control                        Printer control
   Prolog                                 Compilers
   Queue-handler                          Pipe
   Reviews                                Reviews
   RKMs                                   Manuals
   Rom Kernel manuals                     Manuals
   Splitting files                        Splitting
   Stacker                                HD-Compression
   Syquest                                MsDos-Syquest
   TeX                                    TeX
   Text Editors                           Editors
   Unix                                   Unix
   Unix-LhA                               Unix-LhA
   VGA                                    Monitors
   Word Processors                        Word Processors
   Workbench                              Workbench
   Wysiwyg                                Word Processors
   X11                                    X11
   XFH                                    HD-Compression
   XPK                                    HD-Compression
   _mchar                                 _mchar
   _pchar                                 Pipe command